Mining Developments of India in Recent Years Two

Gold and silver came largely from the Kolar fields of southeastern Karnataka, where the gold mines have reached a depth of more than 3.2 km and contained reserves of 55,000 kg of gold. The Geological Survey of India outlined three new gold resources— in the Dona block, Andhra Pradesh, 4.8 million tons averaging 1.9 grams per ton of gold; in the Banswar district, Rajasthan, 7.1 million tons averaging 2.96 grams per ton of gold; and in the Ghrhar Pahar block, Sidhi district of Madhya Pradesh, 3.3 million tons averaging 1.04 grams per ton of gold. The import duty on gold was reduced to curtail smuggling.

Content of manganese in mined ore produced was 600,000 tons in 2001. Manganese deposits were estimated at 154 million tons. Manganese was mined in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, the Nagpur section of Maharashtra, northward in Madhya Pradesh, along the Bihar-Orissa border adjoining the iron ore deposits, along the Maharashtra-Madhya Pradesh-Rajasthan border, and in central coastal Andhra Pradesh.

Mineral production in 2001 included 30,900 tons of mined copper ore, down from 39,900 in 1998; 1.68 million tons of gross weight chromite, compared with 1.95 in 2000 and 1.31 in 1998 (India was the largest exporter of chromite to China, selling more than 400,000 tons per year); 2.25 million tons of gypsum; and 1,300 tons of crude mica, down from 1,794 in 1997 (the best-quality mica came from Bihar).

There were extensive workable reserves of fluorite, chromite, ilmenite (for titanium), monazite (for thorium), beach sands, magnesite, beryllium, copper, and a variety of other industrial and agricultural minerals. However, India lacked substantial reserves of some nonferrous metals and special steel ingredients.

The government simplified excise duties and sold its stakes in state-owned enterprises. In 2001, it approved applications for $700 million of foreign direct investment in the mining sector— poor infrastructure, delays in decision-making, labor laws, and high royalty rates were the most important factors. The West Bengal government was to give up its monopoly on mining rights and to announce a new mining policy to invite private investment; the state was known to contain apatite, ore, and dimension-stone resources. The Haryana government decided to grant mining leases for minor minerals by public auction.

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