Widely Application of Recycled Cement

Instead of being disposed of, this material can be recycled and reused. There are multiple advantages to recycling over disposal. First is the avoidance of landfill tipping fees. The national average for landfill disposal costs is approximately $30 per ton. While some C&D landfills have lower tipping fees, there is also the cost of hauling to consider. At a typical truck hauling cost of $0.25 per ton per mile, hauling one ton of cement debris a distance of 20 miles is equivalent to one-sixth of the tipping fee upon arrival in additional costs. Second, if the cement debris is crushed to a size small enough to allow its use as an aggregate replacement, the delivered cost of gravel and aggregates from a quarry is avoided. Depending on the hauling distance from a quarry and the amount of stone delivered per order, rock and gravel costs can vary from $5 to $15 a ton. So the true cost of dumping cement debris compared to recycling must include the costs of hauling to a landfill and purchasing gravel, which can raise the total to about $50 per ton. Indirect advantages to recycling cement debris include extending the life of existing landfills by not taking up air space through disposal of the debris, reducing truck emissions (especially nitrogen oxide) by not hauling debris to a landfill or aggregates from a quarry and using a material whose engineering characteristics are at least as good as those of the natural resources it replaces.

Further suppose the same 6-inch slab described above has been reinforced by minimal-sized number-3 steel rebar (0.375 inch in diameter, 0.376 pound per foot) both ways at intervals of 24 inches. That would require 150 200-foot-long and 100 300-foot-long rebars, or 60,000 linear feet of number-3 steel. This is equivalent to 22,560 pounds (or 11 tons) of potentially recoverable steel. The market price of scrap steel (or any scrap metal) is highly volatile and varies greatly from region to region.

At the time of this writing, the price of scrap steel had varied from $255 to $395 per ton over the previous 12 months. Assuming an average price of $300 per ton, the steel in this slab would have a market value of $3,300.

For the most part, recycled cement (after the steel reinforcement has been removed by magnets from the wastestream), is used as an aggregate. Though it can be used as the sole aggregate in a new batch of cement mix, more often it is used as a mixture with virgin aggregate. However, its primary use as an aggregate replacement is as a stable sub-base layer underlying a new cement or bituminous-asphalt pavement surface. Placed after the soil grades have been properly compacted, the cement-debris sub-base is placed as the lowest layer of a new roadway. The surface course is then poured over it. In any case, recycled cement debris has to be free of contaminants, such as organic materials, wood, steel, and other C&D waste before it can be used.

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