Recycling Uses of the Cement Debris

Cement debris has a typical density of about 2,400 pounds per cubic yard, about 60% of the cement’s in-place density. Since the weight of the actual cement mass has not physically changed, the reduced density is the result of air voids (which weigh nothing) taking up approximately 40% of the rubble pile. The cement debris therefore has an increased volume of about 1.67 times that of its original in-place volume. Still, even with the reduced density, cement debris has a unit weight up to six times that of other construction debris.

After steel has been removed (or not removed as the case may be) the cement debris is disposed of in a C&D landfill. Unlike other waste, cement debris cannot be physically compacted in place with typical landfill compaction equipment. For the most part, cement is dumped onto the current working face of the C&D landfill and spread as smoothly as possible over as wide an area as possible. Though direct compaction of the cement debris is not performed, the act of spreading does result in a modest reduction in the air voids as the cement chunks roll over each other and fill in the gaps. The amount of effective volume reduction depends on the size and shapes of the chunks; very little volume reduction can ever be achieved with cement debris consisting of large, flat slabs. Volume reduction as a result of spreading and subsequent settlement as additional debris is piled on top, can be as high as 20%.

To take a simple example, suppose a 6-inch-thick cement pavement covering a factory floor area of 300 feet by 200 feet has to be excavated. The in-place volume of this material is approximately 30,000 cubic feet (or 1,111 cubic yards) and it will have an overall mass of about 4,350,000 pounds (or 2,175 tons). Once the cement pavement is broken up and excavated, its volume has increased to approximately 1,855 square yards. After it is loaded onto dump trucks, hauled to the landfill, deposited, and spread over the work face, its disposal volume has decreased to approximately 1,550 square yards (the equivalent of almost 1 acre per foot).

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