嵌套字典和集合练习范例

嵌套字典练习：

av_catalog = {
    "欧美":{
        "www.youporn.com": ["很多免费的,世界最大的","质量一般"],
        "www.pornhub.com": ["很多免费的,也很大","质量比yourporn高点"],
        "letmedothistoyou.com": ["多是自拍,高质量图片很多","资源不多,更新慢"],
        "x-art.com":["质量很高,真的很高","全部收费,屌比请绕过"]
    },
    "日韩":{
        "tokyo-hot":["质量怎样不清楚,个人已经不喜欢日韩范了","听说是收费的"]
    },
    "大陆":{
        "1024":["全部免费,真好,好人一生平安","服务器在国外,慢"]
    }
}

av_catalog["大陆"]["1024"][1] += ",可以用爬虫爬下来"
print(av_catalog["大陆"]["1024"])
#ouput 
['全部免费,真好,好人一生平安', '服务器在国外,慢,可以用爬虫爬下来']

 

集合的练习：

s = set([3,5,9,10])      #创建一个数值集合  
  
t = set("Hello")         #创建一个唯一字符的集合  


a = t | s          # t 和 s的并集  
  
b = t & s          # t 和 s的交集  
  
c = t – s          # 求差集（项在t中，但不在s中）  
  
d = t ^ s          # 对称差集（项在t或s中，但不会同时出现在二者中）  
  
   
  
基本操作：  
  
t.add('x')            # 添加一项  
  
s.update([10,37,42])  # 在s中添加多项  
  
   
  
使用remove()可以删除一项：  
  
t.remove('H')  
  
  
len(s)  
set 的长度  
  
x in s  
测试 x 是否是 s 的成员  
  
x not in s  
测试 x 是否不是 s 的成员  
  
s.issubset(t)  
s <= t  
测试是否 s 中的每一个元素都在 t 中  
  
s.issuperset(t)  
s >= t  
测试是否 t 中的每一个元素都在 s 中  
  
s.union(t)  
s | t  
返回一个新的 set 包含 s 和 t 中的每一个元素  
  
s.intersection(t)  
s & t  
返回一个新的 set 包含 s 和 t 中的公共元素  
  
s.difference(t)  
s - t  
返回一个新的 set 包含 s 中有但是 t 中没有的元素  
  
s.symmetric_difference(t)  
s ^ t  
返回一个新的 set 包含 s 和 t 中不重复的元素  
  
s.copy()  
返回 set “s”的一个浅复制

 

打开文件操作：

Somehow, it seems the love I knew was always the most destructive kind

不知为何，我经历的爱情总是最具毁灭性的的那种

Yesterday when I was young

昨日当我年少轻狂

The taste of life was sweet

生命的滋味是甜的

As rain upon my tongue

就如舌尖上的雨露

I teased at life as if it were a foolish game

我戏弄生命 视其为愚蠢的游戏

The way the evening breeze

就如夜晚的微风

May tease the candle flame

逗弄蜡烛的火苗

The thousand dreams I dreamed

我曾千万次梦见

The splendid things I planned

那些我计划的绚丽蓝图

I always built to last on weak and shifting sand

但我总是将之建筑在易逝的流沙上

I lived by night and shunned the naked light of day

我夜夜笙歌 逃避白昼赤裸的阳光

And only now I see how the time ran away

事到如今我才看清岁月是如何匆匆流逝

Yesterday when I was young

昨日当我年少轻狂

So many lovely songs were waiting to be sung

有那么多甜美的曲儿等我歌唱

So many wild pleasures lay in store for me

有那么多肆意的快乐等我享受

And so much pain my eyes refused to see

还有那么多痛苦 我的双眼却视而不见

I ran so fast that time and youth at last ran out

我飞快地奔走 最终时光与青春消逝殆尽

I never stopped to think what life was all about

我从未停下脚步去思考生命的意义

And every conversation that I can now recall

如今回想起的所有对话

Concerned itself with me and nothing else at all

除了和我相关的 什么都记不得了

The game of love I played with arrogance and pride

我用自负和傲慢玩着爱情的游戏

And every flame I lit too quickly, quickly died

所有我点燃的火焰都熄灭得太快

The friends I made all somehow seemed to slip away

所有我交的朋友似乎都不知不觉地离开了

And only now I'm left alone to end the play, yeah

只剩我一个人在台上来结束这场闹剧

Oh, yesterday when I was young

噢 昨日当我年少轻狂

So many, many songs were waiting to be sung

有那么那么多甜美的曲儿等我歌唱

So many wild pleasures lay in store for me

有那么多肆意的快乐等我享受

And so much pain my eyes refused to see

还有那么多痛苦 我的双眼却视而不见

There are so many songs in me that won't be sung

我有太多歌曲永远不会被唱起

I feel the bitter taste of tears upon my tongue

我尝到了舌尖泪水的苦涩滋味

The time has come for me to pay for yesterday

终于到了付出代价的时间 为了昨日

When I was young

当我年少轻狂

基本操作　　

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

f = open('lyrics') #打开文件 first_line = f.readline() print('first line:',first_line) #读一行 print('我是分隔线'.center(50,'-')) data = f.read()# 读取剩下的所有内容,文件大时不要用 print(data) #打印文件   f.close() #关闭文件

 

打开文件的模式有：

• r，只读模式（默认）。
• w，只写模式。【不可读；不存在则创建；存在则删除内容；】
• a，追加模式。【可读；   不存在则创建；存在则只追加内容；】

"+" 表示可以同时读写某个文件

• r+，可读写文件。【可读；可写；可追加】
• w+，写读
• a+，同a

"U"表示在读取时，可以将 \r \n \r\n自动转换成 \n （与 r 或 r+ 模式同使用）

• rU
• r+U

"b"表示处理二进制文件（如：FTP发送上传ISO镜像文件，linux可忽略，windows处理二进制文件时需标注）

• rb
• wb
• ab

其它语法

    def close(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        Close the file.
        
        A closed file cannot be used for further I/O operations.  close() may be
        called more than once without error.
        """
        pass

    def fileno(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return the underlying file descriptor (an integer). """
        pass

    def isatty(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ True if the file is connected to a TTY device. """
        pass

    def read(self, size=-1): # known case of _io.FileIO.read
        """
        注意，不一定能全读回来
        Read at most size bytes, returned as bytes.
        
        Only makes one system call, so less data may be returned than requested.
        In non-blocking mode, returns None if no data is available.
        Return an empty bytes object at EOF.
        """
        return ""

    def readable(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ True if file was opened in a read mode. """
        pass

    def readall(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """
        Read all data from the file, returned as bytes.
        
        In non-blocking mode, returns as much as is immediately available,
        or None if no data is available.  Return an empty bytes object at EOF.
        """
        pass

    def readinto(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ Same as RawIOBase.readinto(). """
        pass #不要用,没人知道它是干嘛用的

    def seek(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """
        Move to new file position and return the file position.
        
        Argument offset is a byte count.  Optional argument whence defaults to
        SEEK_SET or 0 (offset from start of file, offset should be >= 0); other values
        are SEEK_CUR or 1 (move relative to current position, positive or negative),
        and SEEK_END or 2 (move relative to end of file, usually negative, although
        many platforms allow seeking beyond the end of a file).
        
        Note that not all file objects are seekable.
        """
        pass

    def seekable(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ True if file supports random-access. """
        pass

    def tell(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """
        Current file position.
        
        Can raise OSError for non seekable files.
        """
        pass

    def truncate(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """
        Truncate the file to at most size bytes and return the truncated size.
        
        Size defaults to the current file position, as returned by tell().
        The current file position is changed to the value of size.
        """
        pass

    def writable(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ True if file was opened in a write mode. """
        pass

    def write(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """
        Write bytes b to file, return number written.
        
        Only makes one system call, so not all of the data may be written.
        The number of bytes actually written is returned.  In non-blocking mode,
        returns None if the write would block.
        """
        pass

with语句

为了避免打开文件后忘记关闭，可以通过管理上下文，即：

1 2 3

with open('log','r') as f:           ...

如此方式，当with代码块执行完毕时，内部会自动关闭并释放文件资源。

在Python 2.7 后，with又支持同时对多个文件的上下文进行管理，即：

1 2	with open('log1') as obj1, open('log2') as obj2:     pass