化学式

酸碱盐

\[\begin{array} {c|cccccc}&\ce{OH-}&\ce{Cl-}&\ce{NO3-}&\ce{CO3^{2-}}&\ce{SO4^{2-}}\\\hline \ce{H+}&\ce{H2O}&\ce{HCl}&\ce{HNO3}&\ce{H2CO3}&\ce{H2SO4}\\ \ce{K+}&\ce{KOH}&\ce{KCl}&\ce{KNO3}&\ce{K2CO3}&\ce{K2SO4}\\ \ce{Na+}&\ce{NaOH}&\ce{NaCl}&\ce{NaNO3}&\ce{NaCO3}&\ce{Na2SO4}\\ \ce{NH4+}&\ce{NH3*H2O}&\ce{NH4Cl}&\ce{NH4NO3}&\ce{(NH4)2CO3}&\ce{(NH4)2SO4}\\ \ce{Ba^{2+}}&\ce{Ba(OH)2}&\ce{BaCl2}&\ce{Ba(NO3)2}&\ce{BaCO3 v}&\ce{BaSO4 v}\\ \ce{Ca^{2+}}&\ce{Ca(OH)2}&\ce{CaCl2}&\ce{Ca(NO3)2}&\ce{CaCO3 v}&\ce{CaSO4}\\ \ce{Mg^{2+}}&\ce{Mg(OH)2 v}&\ce{MgCl2}&\ce{Mg(NO3)2}&\ce{MgCO3}&\ce{MgSO4}\\ \ce{Al^{3+}}&\ce{Al(OH)3 v}&\ce{AlCl3}&\ce{Al(NO3)3}&-&\ce{Al2(SO4)3}\\ \ce{Zn^{2+}}&\ce{Zn(OH)2 v}&\ce{ZnCl2}&\ce{Zn(NO3)2}&\ce{ZnCO3 v}&\ce{ZnSO4}\\ \ce{Fe^{3+}}&\ce{Fe(OH)3 v}&\ce{FeCl3}&\ce{Fe(NO3)3}&-&\ce{Fe2(SO4)3}\\ \ce{Fe^{2+}}&\ce{Fe(OH)2 v}&\ce{FeCl2}&\ce{Fe(NO3)2}&\ce{FeCO3 v}&\ce{FeSO4}\\ \ce{Cu^{2+}}&\ce{Cu(OH)2 v}&\ce{CuCl2}&\ce{Cu(NO3)2}&\ce{CuCO3 v}&\ce{CuSO4}\\ \ce{Ag+}&-&\ce{AgCl v}&\ce{AgNO3}&\ce{Ag2CO3 v}&\ce{Ag2SO4} \end{array} \]

化学方程式

氧化反应

单质与氧气的反应

\[\ce{2Mg + O2\xlongequal{点燃}2MgO} \]

\[\ce{3Fe + 2O2\xlongequal{点燃}Fe3O4} \]

\[\ce{2Cu + O2\xlongequal{\triangle}2CuO} \]

\[\ce{4Al + 3O2\xlongequal{\quad}2Al2O3} \]

\[\ce{2H2 + O2\xlongequal{点燃}2H2O} \]

\[\ce{4P + 5O2\xlongequal{点燃}2P2O5} \]

\[\ce{C + O2\xlongequal{点燃}CO2} \]

\[\ce{2C + O2\xlongequal{点燃}2CO} \]

\[\ce{S + O2\xlongequal{点燃}SO2} \]

化合物与氧气的反应

\[\ce{2CO + O2\xlongequal{点燃}2CO2} \]

\[\ce{CH4 + 2O2\xlongequal{点燃}CO2 + 2H2O} \]

\[\ce{C2H5OH + 3O2\xlongequal{点燃}2CO2 + 3H2O} \]

分解反应

\[\ce{2H2O\xlongequal{通电}2H2 ^ + O2 ^} \]

\[\ce{Cu2(OH)2CO3\xlongequal{\triangle}2CuO + H2O + CO2 ^} \]

\[\ce{2KClO3\xlongequal[\triangle]{\ce{MnO2}}{2\,KCl} + 3O2 ^} \]

\[\ce{2KMnO4\xlongequal{\triangle}K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2 ^} \]

\[\ce{H2CO3\xlongequal{\quad}H2O + CO2 ^} \]

\[\ce{CaCO3\xlongequal{高温}CaO + CO2 ^} \]

氧化还原反应

\[\ce{H2 + CuO\xlongequal{\triangle}Cu + H2O} \]

\[\ce{C + 2CuO\xlongequal{高温}2Cu + CO2 ^} \]

\[\ce{3C + 2Fe2O3\xlongequal{高温}4Fe + 3CO2 ^} \]

\[\ce{2C + Fe3O4\xlongequal{高温}3Fe + 2CO2 ^} \]

\[\ce{CO + CuO\xlongequal{\triangle}Cu + CO2} \]

\[\ce{3CO + Fe2O3\xlongequal{高温}2Fe + 3CO2} \]

\[\ce{4CO + Fe3O4\xlongequal{高温}3Fe + 4CO2} \]

单质、氧化物、酸、碱、盐的相互关系

金属单质 + 酸 = 盐 + 氢气（置换反应）

\[\ce{Zn + H2SO4\xlongequal{\quad}ZnSO4 + H2 ^} \]

\[\ce{Fe + H2SO4\xlongequal{\quad}FeSO4 + H2 ^} \]

\[\ce{Mg + H2SO4\xlongequal{\quad}MgSO4 + H2 ^} \]

\[\ce{2Al + 3H2SO4\xlongequal{\quad}Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2 ^} \]

\[\ce{Zn + 2HCl\xlongequal{\quad}ZnCl2 + H2 ^} \]

\[\ce{Fe + 2HCl\xlongequal{\quad}FeCl2 + H2 ^} \]

\[\ce{Mg + 2HCl\xlongequal{\quad}MgCl2 + H2 ^} \]

\[\ce{2Al + 6HCl\xlongequal{\quad}2AlCl3 + 3H2 ^} \]

金属单质 + 盐（溶液）= 另一种金属 + 另一种盐

\[\ce{Fe + CuSO4\xlongequal{\quad}FeSO4 + Cu} \]

\[\ce{Zn + CuSO4\xlongequal{\quad}ZnSO4 + Cu} \]

\[\ce{Cu + Hg(NO3)2\xlongequal{\quad}Cu(NO3)2 + Hg} \]

\[\ce{Cu + 2AgNO3\xlongequal{\quad}Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag} \]

碱性氧化物 + 酸 = 盐 + 水

\[\ce{Fe2O3 + 6HCl\xlongequal{\quad}2FeCl3 + 3H2O} \]

\[\ce{Fe2O3 + 3H2SO4\xlongequal{\quad}Fe2(SO4)3 + 3H2O} \]

\[\ce{CuO + 2HCl\xlongequal{\quad}CuCl2 + H2O} \]

\[\ce{CuO + H2SO4\xlongequal{\quad}CuSO4 + H2O} \]

\[\ce{MgO + H2SO4\xlongequal{\quad}MgSO4 + H2O} \]

\[\ce{CaO + 2HCl\xlongequal{\quad}CaCl2 + H2O} \]

酸性氧化物 + 碱 = 盐 + 水

\[\ce{2NaOH + CO2\xlongequal{\quad}Na2CO3 + H2O} \]

\[\ce{2NaOH + SO2\xlongequal{\quad}Na2SO3 + H2O} \]

\[\ce{2NaOH + SO3\xlongequal{\quad}Na2SO4 + H2O} \]

\[\ce{Ca(OH)2 + CO2\xlongequal{\quad}CaCO3 v + H2O} \]

\[\ce{Ca(OH)2 + SO2\xlongequal{\quad}CaSO3 v + H2O} \]

酸 + 碱 = 盐 + 水

\[\ce{HCl + NaOH\xlongequal{\quad}NaCl + H2O} \]

\[\ce{HCl + KOH\xlongequal{\quad}KCl + H2O} \]

\[\ce{2HCl + Cu(OH)2\xlongequal{\quad}CuCl2 + 2H2O} \]

\[\ce{2HCl + Ca(OH)2\xlongequal{\quad}CaCl2 + 2H2O} \]

\[\ce{3HCl + Fe(OH)3\xlongequal{\quad}FeCl3 + 3H2O} \]

\[\ce{3HCl + Al(OH)3\xlongequal{\quad}AlCl3 + 3H2O} \]

\[\ce{H2SO4 + 2NaOH\xlongequal{\quad}Na2SO4 + 2H2O} \]

\[\ce{H2SO4 + 2KOH\xlongequal{\quad}K2SO4 + 2H2O} \]

\[\ce{H2SO4 + Cu(OH)2\xlongequal{\quad}CuSO4 + 2H2O} \]

\[\ce{3H2SO4 + 2Fe(OH)3\xlongequal{\quad}Fe2(SO4)3 + 6H2O} \]

\[\ce{HNO3 + NaOH\xlongequal{\quad}NaNO3 + H2O} \]

酸 + 盐 = 另一种酸 + 另一种盐

\[\ce{CaCO3 + 2HCl\xlongequal{\quad}CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 ^} \]

\[\ce{Na2CO3 + 2HCl\xlongequal{\quad}2NaCl + H2O + CO2 ^} \]

\[\ce{MgCO3 + 2HCl\xlongequal{\quad}MgCl2 + H2O + CO2 ^} \]

\[\ce{HCl + AgNO3\xlongequal{\quad}AgCl v + HNO3} \]

\[\ce{Na2CO3 + H2SO4\xlongequal{\quad}Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2 ^} \]

\[\ce{H2SO4 + BaCl2\xlongequal{\quad}BaSO4 v + 2HCl} \]

碱 + 盐 = 另一种碱 + 另一种盐

\[\ce{2NaOH + CuSO4\xlongequal{\quad}Cu(OH)2 v + Na2SO4} \]

\[\ce{3NaOH + FeCl3\xlongequal{\quad}Fe(OH)3 v + 3NaCl} \]

\[\ce{2NaOH + MgCl2\xlongequal{\quad}Mg(OH)2 v + 2NaCl} \]

\[\ce{2NaOH + CuCl2\xlongequal{\quad}Cu(OH)2 v + 2NaCl} \]

\[\ce{Ca(OH)2 + Na2CO3\xlongequal{\quad}CaCO3 v + 2NaOH} \]

盐 + 盐 = 两种新盐

\[\ce{NaCl + AgNO3\xlongequal{\quad}AgCl v + NaNO3} \]

\[\ce{Na2SO4 + BaCl2\xlongequal{\quad}BaSO4 v + 2NaCl} \]

\[\ce{Na2CO3 + CaCl2\xlongequal\quad CaCO3 v + 2NaCl} \]

其它反应

\[\ce{CO2 + H2O\xlongequal{\quad}H2CO3} \]

\[\ce{CaO + H2O\xlongequal{\quad}Ca(OH)2} \]

\[\ce{Na2O + H2O\xlongequal{\quad}2NaOH} \]

\[\ce{SO3 + H2O\xlongequal{\quad}H2SO4} \]

\[\ce{CuSO4*5H2O\xlongequal{\triangle}CuSO4 + 5H2O} \]

\[\ce{CuSO4 + 5H2O\xlongequal{\quad}CuSO4*5H2O} \]

一些课外比较好玩的

\[\ce{C + 2H2SO4(浓)\xlongequal\quad CO2 ^ + 2SO2 ^ + 2H2O} \]

\[\ce{2KMnO4 + 16HCl(浓)\xlongequal\quad 2KCl + 5Cl2 ^ + 2MnCl2 + 8H2O} \]

\[\ce{2CuSO4 + 2H2O\xlongequal{通电}2H2SO4 + 2Cu v + O2 ^} \]