python全栈学习笔记(十三)模块
一个库可能包含很多模块,但是一个库至少有一个模块。

time & datetime模块
time & datetime模块 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ import time import datetime print(time.clock()) #返回处理器时间,3.3开始已废弃 print(time.process_time()) #返回处理器时间,3.3开始已废弃 print(time.time()) #返回当前系统时间戳 print(time.ctime()) #输出Tue Jan 26 18:23:48 2016 ,当前系统时间 print(time.ctime(time.time()-86640)) #将时间戳转为字符串格式 print(time.gmtime(time.time()-86640)) #将时间戳转换成struct_time格式 print(time.localtime(time.time()-86640)) #将时间戳转换成struct_time格式,但返回 的本地时间 print(time.mktime(time.localtime())) #与time.localtime()功能相反,将struct_time格式转回成时间戳格式 #time.sleep(4) #sleep print(time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",time.gmtime()) ) #将struct_time格式转成指定的字符串格式 print(time.strptime("2016-01-28","%Y-%m-%d") ) #将字符串格式转换成struct_time格式 #datetime module print(datetime.date.today()) #输出格式 2016-01-26 print(datetime.date.fromtimestamp(time.time()-864400) ) #2016-01-16 将时间戳转成日期格式 current_time = datetime.datetime.now() # print(current_time) #输出2016-01-26 19:04:30.335935 print(current_time.timetuple()) #返回struct_time格式 #datetime.replace([year[, month[, day[, hour[, minute[, second[, microsecond[, tzinfo]]]]]]]]) print(current_time.replace(2014,9,12)) #输出2014-09-12 19:06:24.074900,返回当前时间,但指定的值将被替换 str_to_date = datetime.datetime.strptime("21/11/06 16:30", "%d/%m/%y %H:%M") #将字符串转换成日期格式 new_date = datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=10) #比现在加10天 new_date = datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=-10) #比现在减10天 new_date = datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(hours=-10) #比现在减10小时 new_date = datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(seconds=120) #比现在+120s print(new_date)
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import time,sys print(time.time()) print(time.ctime()) print(time.ctime(time.time()-86400)) print(time.gmtime(time.time()-86400)) print(time.localtime(time.time()-86400)) print(time.mktime(time.localtime())) print(time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S',time.gmtime())) print(time.strptime('2016-3-10 10:12:21','%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'))
结果:
1465807050.460708 Mon Jun 13 16:37:30 2016 Sun Jun 12 16:37:30 2016 time.struct_time(tm_year=2016, tm_mon=6, tm_mday=12, tm_hour=8, tm_min=37, tm_sec=30, tm_wday=6, tm_yday=164, tm_isdst=0) time.struct_time(tm_year=2016, tm_mon=6, tm_mday=12, tm_hour=16, tm_min=37, tm_sec=30, tm_wday=6, tm_yday=164, tm_isdst=0) 1465807050.0 2016-06-13 08:37:30 time.struct_time(tm_year=2016, tm_mon=3, tm_mday=10, tm_hour=10, tm_min=12, tm_sec=21, tm_wday=3, tm_yday=70, tm_isdst=-1)
注:有时我们打印出来的时间和我们本地时间相差8个小时,原因是上面显示的时间是中时区的时间,而我们本地是东八区的时间。
| Directive | Meaning | Notes |
|---|---|---|
%a |
Locale’s abbreviated weekday name. | |
%A |
Locale’s full weekday name. | |
%b |
Locale’s abbreviated month name. | |
%B |
Locale’s full month name. | |
%c |
Locale’s appropriate date and time representation. | |
%d |
Day of the month as a decimal number [01,31]. | |
%H |
Hour (24-hour clock) as a decimal number [00,23]. | |
%I |
Hour (12-hour clock) as a decimal number [01,12]. | |
%j |
Day of the year as a decimal number [001,366]. | |
%m |
Month as a decimal number [01,12]. | |
%M |
Minute as a decimal number [00,59]. | |
%p |
Locale’s equivalent of either AM or PM. | (1) |
%S |
Second as a decimal number [00,61]. | (2) |
%U |
Week number of the year (Sunday as the first day of the week) as a decimal number [00,53]. All days in a new year preceding the first Sunday are considered to be in week 0. | (3) |
%w |
Weekday as a decimal number [0(Sunday),6]. | |
%W |
Week number of the year (Monday as the first day of the week) as a decimal number [00,53]. All days in a new year preceding the first Monday are considered to be in week 0. | (3) |
%x |
Locale’s appropriate date representation. | |
%X |
Locale’s appropriate time representation. | |
%y |
Year without century as a decimal number [00,99]. | |
%Y |
Year with century as a decimal number. | |
%z |
Time zone offset indicating a positive or negative time difference from UTC/GMT of the form +HHMM or -HHMM, where H represents decimal hour digits and M represents decimal minute digits [-23:59, +23:59]. | |
%Z |
Time zone name (no characters if no time zone exists). | |
%% |
A literal '%' character. |
sys模块
sys.argv 命令行参数List,第一个元素是程序本身路径 sys.exit(n) 退出程序,正常退出时exit(0) sys.version 获取Python解释程序的版本信息 sys.maxint 最大的Int值 sys.path 返回模块的搜索路径,初始化时使用PYTHONPATH环境变量的值 sys.platform 返回操作系统平台名称 sys.stdout.write('please:') val = sys.stdin.readline()[:-1]
通过sys.path方法可以查看python 寻找模块的路径(类似环境变量),以list的返回





#datetime module print(datetime.date.today()) #输出格式 2016-01-26 print(datetime.date.fromtimestamp(time.time()-864400) ) #2016-01-16 将时间戳转成日期格式 current_time = datetime.datetime.now() # print(current_time) #输出2016-01-26 19:04:30.335935 print(current_time.timetuple()) #返回struct_time格式 #datetime.replace([year[, month[, day[, hour[, minute[, second[, microsecond[, tzinfo]]]]]]]]) print(current_time.replace(2014,9,12)) #输出2014-09-12 19:06:24.074900,返回当前时间,但指定的值将被替换 str_to_date = datetime.datetime.strptime("21/11/06 16:30", "%d/%m/%y %H:%M") #将字符串转换成日期格式 new_date = datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=10) #比现在加10天 new_date = datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=-10) #比现在减10天 new_date = datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(hours=-10) #比现在减10小时 new_date = datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(seconds=120) #比现在+120s print(new_date)
random模块
随机数
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mport randomprint random.random()print random.randint(1,2)print random.randrange(1,10) |
生成随机验证码
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import randomcheckcode = ''for i in range(4): current = random.randrange(0,4) if current != i: temp = chr(random.randint(65,90)) else: temp = random.randint(0,9) checkcode += str(temp)print checkcode |
OS模块
提供对操作系统进行调用的接口
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os.getcwd() 获取当前工作目录,即当前python脚本工作的目录路径os.chdir("dirname") 改变当前脚本工作目录;相当于shell下cdos.curdir 返回当前目录: ('.')os.pardir 获取当前目录的父目录字符串名:('..')os.makedirs('dirname1/dirname2') 可生成多层递归目录os.removedirs('dirname1') 若目录为空,则删除,并递归到上一级目录,如若也为空,则删除,依此类推os.mkdir('dirname') 生成单级目录;相当于shell中mkdir dirnameos.rmdir('dirname') 删除单级空目录,若目录不为空则无法删除,报错;相当于shell中rmdir dirnameos.listdir('dirname') 列出指定目录下的所有文件和子目录,包括隐藏文件,并以列表方式打印os.remove() 删除一个文件os.rename("oldname","newname") 重命名文件/目录os.stat('path/filename') 获取文件/目录信息os.sep 输出操作系统特定的路径分隔符,win下为"\\",Linux下为"/"os.linesep 输出当前平台使用的行终止符,win下为"\t\n",Linux下为"\n"os.pathsep 输出用于分割文件路径的字符串os.name 输出字符串指示当前使用平台。win->'nt'; Linux->'posix'os.system("bash command") 运行shell命令,直接显示os.environ 获取系统环境变量os.path.abspath(path) 返回path规范化的绝对路径os.path.split(path) 将path分割成目录和文件名二元组返回os.path.dirname(path) 返回path的目录。其实就是os.path.split(path)的第一个元素os.path.basename(path) 返回path最后的文件名。如何path以/或\结尾,那么就会返回空值。即os.path.split(path)的第二个元素os.path.exists(path) 如果path存在,返回True;如果path不存在,返回Falseos.path.isabs(path) 如果path是绝对路径,返回Trueos.path.isfile(path) 如果path是一个存在的文件,返回True。否则返回Falseos.path.isdir(path) 如果path是一个存在的目录,则返回True。否则返回Falseos.path.join(path1[, path2[, ...]]) 将多个路径组合后返回,第一个绝对路径之前的参数将被忽略os.path.getatime(path) 返回path所指向的文件或者目录的最后存取时间os.path.getmtime(path) 返回path所指向的文件或者目录的最后修改时间 |
更多猛击这里
sys模块
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sys.argv 命令行参数List,第一个元素是程序本身路径sys.exit(n) 退出程序,正常退出时exit(0)sys.version 获取Python解释程序的版本信息sys.maxint 最大的Int值sys.path 返回模块的搜索路径,初始化时使用PYTHONPATH环境变量的值sys.platform 返回操作系统平台名称sys.stdout.write('please:')val = sys.stdin.readline()[:-1] |
shutil 模块
直接参考 http://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/articles/4963027.html
json & pickle 模块
用于序列化的两个模块
- json,用于字符串 和 python数据类型间进行转换
- pickle,用于python特有的类型 和 python的数据类型间进行转换
Json模块提供了四个功能:dumps、dump、loads、load
pickle模块提供了四个功能:dumps、dump、loads、load

shelve 模块
shelve模块是一个简单的k,v将内存数据通过文件持久化的模块,可以持久化任何pickle可支持的python数据格式
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import shelved = shelve.open('shelve_test') #打开一个文件class Test(object): def __init__(self,n): self.n = nt = Test(123) t2 = Test(123334)name = ["alex","rain","test"]d["test"] = name #持久化列表d["t1"] = t #持久化类d["t2"] = t2d.close() |
xml处理模块
xml是实现不同语言或程序之间进行数据交换的协议,跟json差不多,但json使用起来更简单,不过,古时候,在json还没诞生的黑暗年代,大家只能选择用xml呀,至今很多传统公司如金融行业的很多系统的接口还主要是xml。
xml的格式如下,就是通过<>节点来区别数据结构的:
xml协议在各个语言里的都 是支持的,在python中可以用以下模块操作xml
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import xml.etree.ElementTree as ETtree = ET.parse("xmltest.xml")root = tree.getroot()print(root.tag)#遍历xml文档for child in root: print(child.tag, child.attrib) for i in child: print(i.tag,i.text)#只遍历year 节点for node in root.iter('year'): print(node.tag,node.text) |
修改和删除xml文档内容
自己创建xml文档
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import xml.etree.ElementTree as ETnew_xml = ET.Element("namelist")name = ET.SubElement(new_xml,"name",attrib={"enrolled":"yes"})age = ET.SubElement(name,"age",attrib={"checked":"no"})sex = ET.SubElement(name,"sex")sex.text = '33'name2 = ET.SubElement(new_xml,"name",attrib={"enrolled":"no"})age = ET.SubElement(name2,"age")age.text = '19'et = ET.ElementTree(new_xml) #生成文档对象et.write("test.xml", encoding="utf-8",xml_declaration=True)ET.dump(new_xml) #打印生成的格式 |
PyYAML模块
Python也可以很容易的处理ymal文档格式,只不过需要安装一个模块,参考文档:http://pyyaml.org/wiki/PyYAMLDocumentation
ConfigParser模块
用于生成和修改常见配置文档,当前模块的名称在 python 3.x 版本中变更为 configparser。
来看一个好多软件的常见文档格式如下
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[DEFAULT]ServerAliveInterval = 45Compression = yesCompressionLevel = 9ForwardX11 = yes[bitbucket.org]User = hg[topsecret.server.com]Port = 50022ForwardX11 = no |
如果想用python生成一个这样的文档怎么做呢?
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import configparserconfig = configparser.ConfigParser()config["DEFAULT"] = {'ServerAliveInterval': '45', 'Compression': 'yes', 'CompressionLevel': '9'}config['bitbucket.org'] = {}config['bitbucket.org']['User'] = 'hg'config['topsecret.server.com'] = {}topsecret = config['topsecret.server.com']topsecret['Host Port'] = '50022' # mutates the parsertopsecret['ForwardX11'] = 'no' # same hereconfig['DEFAULT']['ForwardX11'] = 'yes'with open('example.ini', 'w') as configfile: config.write(configfile) |
写完了还可以再读出来哈。
configparser增删改查语法
hashlib模块
用于加密相关的操作,3.x里代替了md5模块和sha模块,主要提供 SHA1, SHA224, SHA256, SHA384, SHA512 ,MD5 算法
还不够吊?python 还有一个 hmac 模块,它内部对我们创建 key 和 内容 再进行处理然后再加密
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import hmach = hmac.new('wueiqi')h.update('hellowo')print h.hexdigest() |
更多关于md5,sha1,sha256等介绍的文章看这里https://www.tbs-certificates.co.uk/FAQ/en/sha256.html
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>>> subprocess.run(["ls", "-l"]) # doesn't capture outputCompletedProcess(args=['ls', '-l'], returncode=0)>>> subprocess.run("exit 1", shell=True, check=True)Traceback (most recent call last): ...subprocess.CalledProcessError: Command 'exit 1' returned non-zero exit status 1>>> subprocess.run(["ls", "-l", "/dev/null"], stdout=subprocess.PIPE)CompletedProcess(args=['ls', '-l', '/dev/null'], returncode=0,stdout=b'crw-rw-rw- 1 root root 1, 3 Jan 23 16:23 /dev/null\n') |
调用subprocess.run(...)是推荐的常用方法,在大多数情况下能满足需求,但如果你可能需要进行一些复杂的与系统的交互的话,你还可以用subprocess.Popen(),语法如下:
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p = subprocess.Popen("find / -size +1000000 -exec ls -shl {} \;",shell=True,stdout=subprocess.PIPE)print(p.stdout.read()) |
可用参数:
- args:shell命令,可以是字符串或者序列类型(如:list,元组)
- bufsize:指定缓冲。0 无缓冲,1 行缓冲,其他 缓冲区大小,负值 系统缓冲
- stdin, stdout, stderr:分别表示程序的标准输入、输出、错误句柄
- preexec_fn:只在Unix平台下有效,用于指定一个可执行对象(callable object),它将在子进程运行之前被调用
- close_sfs:在windows平台下,如果close_fds被设置为True,则新创建的子进程将不会继承父进程的输入、输出、错误管道。
所以不能将close_fds设置为True同时重定向子进程的标准输入、输出与错误(stdin, stdout, stderr)。 - shell:同上
- cwd:用于设置子进程的当前目录
- env:用于指定子进程的环境变量。如果env = None,子进程的环境变量将从父进程中继承。
- universal_newlines:不同系统的换行符不同,True -> 同意使用 \n
- startupinfo与createionflags只在windows下有效
将被传递给底层的CreateProcess()函数,用于设置子进程的一些属性,如:主窗口的外观,进程的优先级等等
终端输入的命令分为两种:
- 输入即可得到输出,如:ifconfig
- 输入进行某环境,依赖再输入,如:python
需要交互的命令示例
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import subprocessobj = subprocess.Popen(["python"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)obj.stdin.write('print 1 \n ')obj.stdin.write('print 2 \n ')obj.stdin.write('print 3 \n ')obj.stdin.write('print 4 \n ')out_error_list = obj.communicate(timeout=10)print out_error_list |
logging模块
很多程序都有记录日志的需求,并且日志中包含的信息即有正常的程序访问日志,还可能有错误、警告等信息输出,python的logging模块提供了标准的日志接口,你可以通过它存储各种格式的日志,logging的日志可以分为 debug(), info(), warning(), error() and critical() 5个级别,下面我们看一下怎么用。
最简单用法
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import logginglogging.warning("user [alex] attempted wrong password more than 3 times")logging.critical("server is down")#输出WARNING:root:user [alex] attempted wrong password more than 3 timesCRITICAL:root:server is down |
看一下这几个日志级别分别代表什么意思
| Level | When it’s used |
|---|---|
DEBUG |
Detailed information, typically of interest only when diagnosing problems. |
INFO |
Confirmation that things are working as expected. |
WARNING |
An indication that something unexpected happened, or indicative of some problem in the near future (e.g. ‘disk space low’). The software is still working as expected. |
ERROR |
Due to a more serious problem, the software has not been able to perform some function. |
CRITICAL |
A serious error, indicating that the program itself may be unable to continue running. |
如果想把日志写到文件里,也很简单
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import logginglogging.basicConfig(filename='example.log',level=logging.INFO)logging.debug('This message should go to the log file')logging.info('So should this')logging.warning('And this, too') |
其中下面这句中的level=loggin.INFO意思是,把日志纪录级别设置为INFO,也就是说,只有比日志是INFO或比INFO级别更高的日志才会被纪录到文件里,在这个例子, 第一条日志是不会被纪录的,如果希望纪录debug的日志,那把日志级别改成DEBUG就行了。
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logging.basicConfig(filename='example.log',level=logging.INFO) |
感觉上面的日志格式忘记加上时间啦,日志不知道时间怎么行呢,下面就来加上!
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import logginglogging.basicConfig(format='%(asctime)s %(message)s', datefmt='%m/%d/%Y %I:%M:%S %p')logging.warning('is when this event was logged.')#输出12/12/2010 11:46:36 AM is when this event was logged. |
如果想同时把log打印在屏幕和文件日志里,就需要了解一点复杂的知识 了
The logging library takes a modular approach and offers several categories of components: loggers, handlers, filters, and formatters.
- Loggers expose the interface that application code directly uses.
- Handlers send the log records (created by loggers) to the appropriate destination.
- Filters provide a finer grained facility for determining which log records to output.
- Formatters specify the layout of log records in the final output.

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