数据分析和R语言二

随机事件

必然事件

对立事件与互斥事件

　　对立事件：不会有交集，两个样本空间的并集是样本的全集。比如 一个硬币的正面和反面

　　互斥事件：不会有交集，不会同时发生。比如掷骰子 3点  6点 互斥

　　对立事件一定是互斥事件，但反过来就不一定。 比如 掷骰子 3点  6点 并不能代表全集

 

各种分布函数

－－待追加

 

总体与抽样

　　大数定理

　　中心极限定理

 

五分位

fivenum(x$x1,na.rm = TRUE)

正态性检验 

shapiro.test(x$x1)

 

协方差与相关系数 

cov()

cor()

－－待完善

相关分析

　　变量之间的关系

回归分析

 　　预测

一元线性回归

　　前提条件 1.正态分布 2.自变量有线性关系

　　　　　　

逐步回归

cement<-data.frame(
X1=c( 7, 1, 11, 11, 7, 11, 3, 1, 2, 21, 1, 11, 10),
X2=c(26, 29, 56, 31, 52, 55, 71, 31, 54, 47, 40, 66, 68),
X3=c( 6, 15, 8, 8, 6, 9, 17, 22, 18, 4, 23, 9, 8),
X4=c(60, 52, 20, 47, 33, 22, 6, 44, 22, 26, 34, 12, 12),
Y =c(78.5, 74.3, 104.3, 87.6, 95.9, 109.2, 102.7, 72.5,
93.1,115.9, 83.8, 113.3, 109.4)
)

lm.sol<-lm(Y~X1+X2+X3+X4,data = cement)
summary(lm.sol)

 

＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝回归方程系数都没有通过检验

Call:
lm(formula = Y ~ X1 + X2 + X3 + X4, data = cement)

Residuals:
Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
-3.1750 -1.6709 0.2508 1.3783 3.9254

Coefficients:
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept) 62.4054 70.0710 0.891 0.3991
X1 1.5511 0.7448 2.083 0.0708 .
X2 0.5102 0.7238 0.705 0.5009
X3 0.1019 0.7547 0.135 0.8959
X4 -0.1441 0.7091 -0.203 0.8441
---
Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1

Residual standard error: 2.446 on 8 degrees of freedom
Multiple R-squared: 0.9824, Adjusted R-squared: 0.9736
F-statistic: 111.5 on 4 and 8 DF, p-value: 4.756e-07

＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝

＃利用逐步回归

lm.step<-step(lm.sol)

＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝选择AIC最小的

Start: AIC=26.94
Y ~ X1 + X2 + X3 + X4

Df Sum of Sq RSS AIC
- X3 1 0.1091 47.973 24.974
- X4 1 0.2470 48.111 25.011
- X2 1 2.9725 50.836 25.728
<none> 47.864 26.944
- X1 1 25.9509 73.815 30.576

Step: AIC=24.97
Y ~ X1 + X2 + X4

Df Sum of Sq RSS AIC
<none> 47.97 24.974
- X4 1 9.93 57.90 25.420
- X2 1 26.79 74.76 28.742
- X1 1 820.91 868.88 60.629

 

summary(lm.step)

Call:
lm(formula = Y ~ X1 + X2 + X4, data = cement)

Residuals:
Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
-3.0919 -1.8016 0.2562 1.2818 3.8982

Coefficients:
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept) 71.6483 14.1424 5.066 0.000675 ***
X1 1.4519 0.1170 12.410 5.78e-07 ***
X2 0.4161 0.1856 2.242 0.051687 .
X4 -0.2365 0.1733 -1.365 0.205395
---
Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1

Residual standard error: 2.309 on 9 degrees of freedom
Multiple R-squared: 0.9823, Adjusted R-squared: 0.9764
F-statistic: 166.8 on 3 and 9 DF, p-value: 3.323e-08

＃add1() drop1()

drop1(lm.step)
lm.opt<-lm(Y~X1+X2,data=cement)
summary(lm.opt)

Call:
lm(formula = Y ~ X1 + X2, data = cement)

Residuals:
Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
-2.893 -1.574 -1.302 1.363 4.048

Coefficients:
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept) 52.57735 2.28617 23.00 5.46e-10 ***
X1 1.46831 0.12130 12.11 2.69e-07 ***
X2 0.66225 0.04585 14.44 5.03e-08 ***
---
Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1

Residual standard error: 2.406 on 10 degrees of freedom
Multiple R-squared: 0.9787, Adjusted R-squared: 0.9744
F-statistic: 229.5 on 2 and 10 DF, p-value: 4.407e-09