线性变换和线性映射(二)

线性变换与线性映射在不同基与基偶下的关系

\(Thm1:\)\(f\in Hom(V,U)\)在基偶\(V:α_{1},α_{2},...,α_{s},U:β_{1},β_{2},...,β_{n}\)下的矩阵是\(A\)\(\eta\in V\)\(α_{1},α_{2},...,α_{s}\)下的坐标为\(X\),则\(f(\eta)\)在基\(β_{1},β_{2},...,β_{n}\)下的坐标为\(AX\)
 
\(Proof:\because(f(α_{1}),f(α_{2}),...,f(α_{s}))\)
 
\(=(β_{1},β_{2},...,β_{n})A\)
 
\(\because\eta=(α_{1},α_{2},...,α_{s})X\),设\(X=(x_{1},x_{2},...,x_{s})^T\)
 
\(\eta=x_{1}α_{1}+x_{2}α_{2}+...+x_{s}α_{s}\)
 
\(\therefore f(\eta)=f(x_{1}α_{1}+x_{2}α_{2}+...+x_{s}α_{s})\),又因为\(f\)为线性映射
 
\(kf(x)=f(kx),f(x+y)=f(x)+f(y)\)
 
\(\begin{equation} \begin{aligned} f(\eta)=&x_{1}f(α_{1})+x_{2}f(α_{2})+...+x_{s}f(α_{s})\\ =&(f(α_{1}),f(α_{2}),...,f(α_{s}))X \end{aligned} \end{equation}\)
 
\(f(\eta)=(β_{1},β_{2},...,β_{n})AX\)
 
\(f(\eta)\)在基\(β_{1},β_{2},...,β_{n}\)下的坐标为\(AX\)
 
 
 
\(Thm2:\)\(f\in Hom(V,U)\)在基偶\(V:α_{1},α_{2},...,α_{s},U:β_{1},β_{2},...,β_{n}\)下的矩阵是\(A\),则\(f\)在新的基偶\((α_{1}^{'},α_{2}^{'},...,α_{s}^{'})=(α_{1},α_{2},...,α_{s})P\)\((β_{1}^{'},β_{2}^{'},...,β_{n}^{'})=(β_{1},β_{2},...,β_{n})Q\)下的矩阵\(B=Q^{-1}AP\)
 
\(Proof:\because(f(α_{1}),f(α_{2}),...,f(α_{s}))\)
 
\(=(β_{1},β_{2},...,β_{n})A\)
 
\(\begin{equation} \begin{aligned} &(α_{1}^{'},α_{2}^{'},...,α_{s}^{'})=(α_{1},α_{2},...,α_{s})P,\\ &(β_{1}^{'},β_{2}^{'},...,β_{n}^{'})=(β_{1},β_{2},...,β_{n})Q \end{aligned} \end{equation}\)
 
\(f(α_{1}^{'},α_{2}^{'},...,α_{s}^{'})=f(α_{1},α_{2},...,α_{s})P\)
 
由于\(f\)为线性映射,故
 
\(\begin{equation} \begin{aligned} &f(α_{1}^{'},α_{2}^{'},...,α_{s}^{'})\\ =&(f(α_{1}^{'}),f(α_{2}^{'}),...,f(α_{s}^{'}))\\ =&(f(α_{1}),f(α_{2}),...,f(α_{s}))P \end{aligned} \end{equation}\)
 
\(f(α_{1}^{'},α_{2}^{'},...,α_{s}^{'})=(β_{1},β_{2},...,β_{n})AP\)
 
\((β_{1},β_{2},...,β_{n})=(β_{1}^{'},β_{2}^{'},...,β_{n}^{'})Q^{-1}\)
 
\(\therefore f(α_{1}^{'},α_{2}^{'},...,α_{s}^{'})=(β_{1}^{'},β_{2}^{'},...,β_{n}^{'})Q^{-1}AP\)
 
\(f\)在新的基偶下的矩阵\(B=Q^{-1}AP\)
 
 
 
\(Thm3:\)\(f\in Hom(V,V)\)在基\(α_{1},α_{2},...,α_{s}\)下的矩阵为\(A\),则\(f\)在新的基
\((α_{1}^{'},α_{2}^{'},...,α_{s}^{'})=(α_{1},α_{2},...,α_{s})P\)下的矩阵\(B=P^{-1}AP\)
 
\(Proof:\because(f(α_{1}),f(α_{2}),...,f(α_{s}))\)
 
\(=(α_{1},α_{2},...,α_{s})A\)
 
\((α_{1}^{'},α_{2}^{'},...,α_{s}^{'})=(α_{1},α_{2},...,α_{s})P\)
 
\(f(α_{1}^{'},α_{2}^{'},...,α_{s}^{'})=(f(α_{1}),f(α_{2}),...,f(α_{s}))P=(α_{1},α_{2},...,α_{s})AP\)
 
\((α_{1},α_{2},...,α_{s})=(α_{1}^{'},α_{2}^{'},...,α_{s}^{'})P^{-1}\)
 
因此\(f(α_{1}^{'},α_{2}^{'},...,α_{s}^{'})=(α_{1}^{'},α_{2}^{'},...,α_{s}^{'})P^{-1}AP\)
 
\(f\)在新的基下的矩阵\(B=P^{-1}AP\)
 
eg:求线性变换\(\begin{equation} \begin{aligned} &f:F_{3}[x]\longrightarrow F_{3}[x]:f(p(x))=p^{'}(x),\\ &\forall p(x)\in F_{3}[x] \end{aligned} \end{equation}\)在基
 
\(p_{1}(x)=1+x+3x^2,p_{2}(x)=1+x,\)
 
\(p_{3}(x)=1+2x-x^2\)下的矩阵
 
\(Sol1:\because \begin{equation} \begin{aligned} &p_{1}^{'}(x)=1+6x,p_{2}^{'}(x)=1,\\ &p_{3}^{'}(x)=2-2x \end{aligned} \end{equation}\)
 
\(\begin{equation} \begin{aligned} &f(p_{1}(x),p_{2}(x),p_{3}(x))\\ =&(p_{1}^{'}(x),p_{2}^{'}(x),p_{3}^{'}(x))\\ =&(p_{1}(x),p_{2}(x),p_{3}(x))A \end{aligned} \end{equation}\)
 
解该线性方程得\(A=\begin{pmatrix} \frac{5}{3} & -\frac{1}{3}& -\frac{4}{3}\\ -\frac{17}{3}& \frac{7}{3}& \frac{22}{3}\\ 5& -1 &-4 \end{pmatrix}\)
 
\(Sol2:\)易知\(F_{3}[x]\)有一组基\({1,x,x^2}\),又\(\begin{equation} \begin{aligned} f(1,x,x^2)=&(1,x,x^2)\begin{pmatrix} 0& 1& 0\\ 0& 0& 2\\ 0& 0&0 \end{pmatrix}\\ =&(1,x,x^2)A \end{aligned} \end{equation}\),又
 
\(\begin{equation} \begin{aligned} &(p_{1}(x),p_{2}(x),p_{3}(x))\\ =&(1,x,x^2)\begin{pmatrix} 1& 1& 1\\ 1& 1& 2\\ 3& 0&-1 \end{pmatrix}\\=&(1,x,x^2)P \end{aligned} \end{equation} \)
 
\(Thm3\)可得本题所求矩阵为\(P^{-1}AP=\begin{pmatrix} \frac{5}{3} & -\frac{1}{3}& -\frac{4}{3}\\ -\frac{17}{3}& \frac{7}{3}& \frac{22}{3}\\ 5& -1 &-4 \end{pmatrix}\)
 
 

本人在学习这一部分知识时遇到的一些疑惑和自己的理解

  1. \(Thm3\)的证明中,对\((α_{1}^{'},α_{2}^{'},...,α_{s}^{'})=(α_{1},α_{2},...,α_{s})P\)两边施加线性变换\(f\)时,应为
     
    \(f(α_{1}^{'},α_{2}^{'},...,α_{s}^{'})=f((α_{1},α_{2},...,α_{s})P)\),为何可以直接写成
     
    \(\begin{equation} \begin{aligned} &f(α_{1}^{'},α_{2}^{'},...,α_{s}^{'})\\ =&f(α_{1},α_{2},...α_{s})P\\ =&(f(α_{1}),f(α_{2}),...,f(α_{s}))P\\ \end{aligned} \end{equation}\),即为何线性变换\(f\)对矩阵\(P\)没有作用
     
    \(Sol:\)\(P\)视为是一个数阵即可,设\(P=\begin{bmatrix} b_{11}& b_{12}& ...& b_{1s}\\ b_{21}& b_{22}& ...& b_{2s}\\ :& :& :& :\\ b_{s1}& b_{s2}& ...&b_{ss} \end{bmatrix}\),则
     
    \((α_{1},α_{2},...,α_{s})P\)
     
    \(=(α_{1},α_{2},...,α_{s})\begin{bmatrix} b_{11}& b_{12}& ...& b_{1s}\\ b_{21}& b_{22}& ...& b_{2s}\\ :& :& :& :\\ b_{s1}& b_{s2}& ...&b_{ss} \end{bmatrix}\),因此
     
    \(\begin{equation} \begin{aligned} &f((α_{1},α_{2},...,α_{s})P)\\ =&f((b_{11}+b_{21}+...+b_{s1})α_{1}\\ &+(b_{12}+b_{22}+...+b_{s2})α_{2}\\ &+...+(b_{1s}+b_{2s}+...+b_{ss})α_{s}) \end{aligned} \end{equation}\)
     
    由于\(f\)为线性变换,故
     
    \(f((α_{1},α_{2},...,α_{s})P)\)
     
    \(=(b_{11}+b_{21}+...+b_{s1})f(α_{1})\)
     
    \(+(b_{12}+b_{22}+...+b_{s2})f(α_{2})\)
     
    \(+...+(b_{1s}+b_{2s}+...+b_{ss})f(α_{s})\)
     
    \(=(f(α_{1}),f(α_{2}),...,f(α_{s}))P\)
     
    ,对于\(f(α_{1},α_{2},...,α_{s})\)
     
    \(=(f(α_{1}),f(α_{2}),...,f(α_{s}))\),则只是一个定义问题,
     
    之所以这样定义,是因为比起\((f(α_{1}),f(α_{2}),...,f(α_{s}))\)
     
    \(f(α_{1},α_{2},...,α_{s})\)的书写形式更加简洁,这样定义以后
     
    \(f((α_{1},α_{2},...,α_{s})X)\)
     
    \(=f(α_{1},α_{2},...,α_{s})X\),其中\(X\)为任意\(s\)阶方阵
     
    实际上,若将\((α_{1},α_{2},...,α_{s})\)视为是一个数阵,将\(P\)中的列向量视为一组基,也即对\(P\)作线性变换,显然对\(P\)作线性变换
     
    时,\(f\)在以\(P\)的列向量为基时的矩阵与以\(α_{1},α_{2},...,α_{s}\)为基时的矩阵不同,即同一线性变换在不同基下的矩阵一般是不同的
     
     
     
posted @ 2022-07-12 18:09  kris-phl  阅读(43)  评论(0)    收藏  举报