Spider框架02总结【翻页爬取的meta理解,POST的请求,CrawlSpider类的用法, 中间件的使用】
meta参数的理解及用法:
import scrapy from Tencent.items import TencentItem class TencentSpider(scrapy.Spider): name = 'tencent' allowed_domains = ['tencent.com'] start_urls = ['http://hr.tencent.com/position.php?&start=0#a'] def __init__(self, name=None, **kwargs): super().__init__(name=None, **kwargs) def parse(self, response): # 1.确定目标 建模 # 2.制作爬虫 # 2.1提取当前页的数据 tr_list = response.xpath("//tr[contains(@class, 'odd')]|//tr[contains(@class,'even')]") host = "http://hr.tencent.com/" for tr in tr_list: # 创建模型类对象保存数据 item = TencentItem() item['url'] = host+tr.xpath("./td[1]/a/@href").extract_first() item['name'] = tr.xpath("./td[1]/a/text()").extract_first() item['genre'] = tr.xpath("./td[2]/text()").extract_first() item['number'] = tr.xpath("./td[3]/text()").extract_first() item['address'] = tr.xpath("./td[4]/text()").extract_first() item['pub_date'] = tr.xpath("./td[5]/text()").extract_first() # 2.2保存 # yield item # 创建详情页面的请求 yield scrapy.Request(url=item['url'], callback=self.parse_detail, meta={'itcast': item}) # 实例Request对象时将基本页的item信息保存到meta属性当中,当该请求发送后返回response对象时会将该 # Resquest实例对象复制给Response中的一个属性,该response实例会传给parse函数,所以在提取下一页的信息时, # 也能获取到该item的信息,,,从而当以基本信息和详情信息的对应(具体查看框架的Response类,Request的源码) # 2.3获取下一页 next_url = host + response.xpath('//a[@id="next"]/@href').extract_first() # 2.4回调 yield scrapy.Request(next_url, callback=self.parse) # 3.保存数据 def parse_detail(self, response): # 获取item item = response.meta['itcast'] # 获取招聘 item['duty'] = ''.join(response.xpath("//tr[3]/td/ul/li/text()").extract()) item['require'] = ''.join(response.xpath("//tr[4]/td/ul/li/text()").extract()) yield item
中间件设置代理,随机User-Agent方法
python3转码
from Douban.settings import USER_AGENT_LIST class RandomUserAgent(object): def process_request(self, request, spider): # 设置user-agent request.headers['User-Agent'] = random.choice(USER_AGENT_LIST) # 定义代理ip和密码 proxy = {"ip_port": "121.41.8.23:16816", "user_passwd": "morganna_mode_g:ggc22qxp"} # b64 认证编码格式 usr_pwd = base64.b64encode(bytes(proxy["user_passwd"], encoding='utf-8')) # 认证 request.headers['Proxy-Authorization'] = "Basic " + usr_pwd.decode() # 设置代理 request.meta['proxy'] = 'http://' + proxy['ip_port']
python2无需转码
from scrapy import signals # 导入编码模块 import base64 class TencentSpiderMiddleware(object): # Not all methods need to be defined. If a method is not defined, # scrapy acts as if the spider middleware does not modify the # passed objects. @classmethod def from_crawler(cls, crawler): # This method is used by Scrapy to create your spiders. s = cls() crawler.signals.connect(s.spider_opened, signal=signals.spider_opened) return s def process_spider_input(self, response, spider): # Called for each response that goes through the spider # middleware and into the spider. # Should return None or raise an exception. return None def process_spider_output(self, response, result, spider): # Called with the results returned from the Spider, after # it has processed the response. # Must return an iterable of Request, dict or Item objects. for i in result: yield i def process_spider_exception(self, response, exception, spider): # Called when a spider or process_spider_input() method # (from other spider middleware) raises an exception. # Should return either None or an iterable of Response, dict # or Item objects. pass def process_start_requests(self, start_requests, spider): # Called with the start requests of the spider, and works # similarly to the process_spider_output() method, except # that it doesn’t have a response associated. # Must return only requests (not items). for r in start_requests: yield r def spider_opened(self, spider): spider.logger.info('Spider opened: %s' % spider.name) class Proxy(object): def process_request(self,request,spider): # 获取代理ip proxy = {"ip_port": "use", "user_passwd": "morganna_mode_g:ggc22qxp"} # 对账号密码进行加密 b64_user_pwd = base64.b64encode(proxy['user_passwd']) # 认证 request.headers['Proxy-Authorization'] = "Basic " + b64_user_pwd # 设置代理ip request.meta['proxy'] = 'http://' + proxy['ip_port']
User-Agent
# 随机分配user-agent USER_AGENT_LIST 为user-agent列表 from Douban.settings import USER_AGENT_LIST class RandomUserAgent(object): def process_request(self, request, spider): # 设置user-agent request.headers['User-Agent'] = random.choice(USER_AGENT_LIST) # 定义代理ip和密码 proxy = {"ip_port": "121.41.8.23:16816", "user_passwd": "morganna_mode_g:ggc22qxp"} # b64 认证编码格式 usr_pwd = base64.b64encode(bytes(proxy["user_passwd"], encoding='utf-8')) # 认证 request.headers['Proxy-Authorization'] = "Basic " + usr_pwd.decode() # 设置代理 request.meta['proxy'] = 'http://' + proxy['ip_port']
POST提交
重写spider的start_requests方法
创建scrapy.FormRequest()实例传递参数
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- import scrapy class RenrenSpider(scrapy.Spider): name = 'renren' allowed_domains = ['renren.com'] start_urls = ['http://www.renren.com/PLogin.do'] def start_requests(self): url = self.start_urls[0] # 重写start_requests方法 # 设置账号密码 data = { "email": "17173805860", "password": "1qaz@WSX3edc" } # 发送请求 yield scrapy.FormRequest(url=url, formdata=data, callback=self.parse) def parse(self, response): with open('renren.html', 'w') as f: f.write(response.body.decode('utf-8'))
利用scrapy.FormRequest.from_response()方法自动找对应的表单提交
import scrapy class Renren2Spider(scrapy.Spider): name = 'renren2' allowed_domains = ['renren.com'] start_urls = ['http://renren.com/'] def parse(self, response): # 设置账号密码 data = { "email": "17173805860", "password": "1qaz@WSX3edc" } # 发送请求传递参数 response callback formdata yield scrapy.FormRequest.from_response(response=response, callback=self.k_open_file, formdata=data) def k_open_file(self, response): with open('renren2.html', 'wb') as f: f.write(response.body)
CrawlSpider
通过下面的命令可以快速创建 CrawlSpider模板 的代码:
scrapy genspider -t crawl 爬虫名字 允许的域
它是Spider的派生类,Spider类的设计原则是只爬取start_url列表中的网页,而CrawlSpider类定义了一些规则(rule)来提供跟进link的方便的机制,从爬取的网页中获取link并继续爬取的工作更适合。
class CrawlSpider(Spider): rules = () def __init__(self, *a, **kw): super(CrawlSpider, self).__init__(*a, **kw) self._compile_rules() #首先调用parse()来处理start_urls中返回的response对象 #parse()则将这些response对象传递给了_parse_response()函数处理,并设置回调函数为parse_start_url() #设置了跟进标志位True #parse将返回item和跟进了的Request对象 def parse(self, response): return self._parse_response(response, self.parse_start_url, cb_kwargs={}, follow=True) #处理start_url中返回的response,需要重写 def parse_start_url(self, response): return [] def process_results(self, response, results): return results #从response中抽取符合任一用户定义'规则'的链接,并构造成Resquest对象返回 def _requests_to_follow(self, response): if not isinstance(response, HtmlResponse): return seen = set() #抽取之内的所有链接,只要通过任意一个'规则',即表示合法 for n, rule in enumerate(self._rules): links = [l for l in rule.link_extractor.extract_links(response) if l not in seen] #使用用户指定的process_links处理每个连接 if links and rule.process_links: links = rule.process_links(links) #将链接加入seen集合,为每个链接生成Request对象,并设置回调函数为_repsonse_downloaded() for link in links: seen.add(link) #构造Request对象,并将Rule规则中定义的回调函数作为这个Request对象的回调函数 r = Request(url=link.url, callback=self._response_downloaded) r.meta.update(rule=n, link_text=link.text) #对每个Request调用process_request()函数。该函数默认为indentify,即不做任何处理,直接返回该Request. yield rule.process_request(r) #处理通过rule提取出的连接,并返回item以及request def _response_downloaded(self, response): rule = self._rules[response.meta['rule']] return self._parse_response(response, rule.callback, rule.cb_kwargs, rule.follow) #解析response对象,会用callback解析处理他,并返回request或Item对象 def _parse_response(self, response, callback, cb_kwargs, follow=True): #首先判断是否设置了回调函数。(该回调函数可能是rule中的解析函数,也可能是 parse_start_url函数) #如果设置了回调函数(parse_start_url()),那么首先用parse_start_url()处理response对象, #然后再交给process_results处理。返回cb_res的一个列表 if callback: #如果是parse调用的,则会解析成Request对象 #如果是rule callback,则会解析成Item cb_res = callback(response, **cb_kwargs) or () cb_res = self.process_results(response, cb_res) for requests_or_item in iterate_spider_output(cb_res): yield requests_or_item #如果需要跟进,那么使用定义的Rule规则提取并返回这些Request对象 if follow and self._follow_links: #返回每个Request对象 for request_or_item in self._requests_to_follow(response): yield request_or_item def _compile_rules(self): def get_method(method): if callable(method): return method elif isinstance(method, basestring): return getattr(self, method, None) self._rules = [copy.copy(r) for r in self.rules] for rule in self._rules: rule.callback = get_method(rule.callback) rule.process_links = get_method(rule.process_links) rule.process_request = get_method(rule.process_request) def set_crawler(self, crawler): super(CrawlSpider, self).set_crawler(crawler) self._follow_links = crawler.settings.getbool('CRAWLSPIDER_FOLLOW_LINKS', True)
Crawlspider与Spider类的区别
- 不能重写parse方法
- 原因: CrawlSpider类在parse方法中实现了自身逻辑
- 如何解析起始url对应的响应
- ①重写parse_start_url
- ②parse_start_url必须返回数据或请求的列表
crapySpider类的优缺点
- 1.优点: 适合整站爬取 爬取效率高
- 2.缺点: 无法通过meta进行参数传递,现在的你无法碰到request,一个2货(Rule)管理你的request
rules

提取理解

CrawlSpider使用rules来决定爬虫的爬取规则,并将匹配后的url请求提交给引擎。所以在正常情况下,CrawlSpider不需要单独手动返回请求了。
在rules中包含一个或多个Rule对象,每个Rule对爬取网站的动作定义了某种特定操作,比如提取当前相应内容里的特定链接,是否对提取的链接跟进爬取,对提交的请求设置回调函数等。
如果多个rule匹配了相同的链接,则根据规则在本集合中被定义的顺序,第一个会被使用。
class scrapy.spiders.Rule(
link_extractor,
callback = None,
cb_kwargs = None,
follow = None,
process_links = None,
process_request = None
)
link_extractor:是一个Link Extractor对象,用于定义需要提取的链接。
callback: 从link_extractor中每获取到链接时,参数所指定的值作为回调函数,该回调函数接受一个response作为其第一个参数。
注意:当编写爬虫规则时,避免使用parse作为回调函数。由于CrawlSpider使用parse方法来实现其逻辑,如果覆盖了 parse方法,crawl spider将会运行失败。
follow:是一个布尔(boolean)值,指定了根据该规则从response提取的链接是否需要跟进。 如果callback为None,follow 默认设置为True ,否则默认为False。
process_links:指定该spider中哪个的函数将会被调用,从link_extractor中获取到链接列表时将会调用该函数。该方法主要用来过滤(link)。
process_request:指定该spider中哪个的函数将会被调用, 该规则提取到每个request时都会调用该函数。 (用来过滤request)
LinkExtractors
class scrapy.linkextractors.LinkExtractor
Link Extractors 的目的很简单: 提取链接。
每个LinkExtractor有唯一的公共方法是 extract_links(),它接收一个 Response 对象,并返回一个 scrapy.link.Link 对象。
Link Extractors要实例化一次,并且 extract_links 方法会根据不同的 response 调用多次提取链接。
class scrapy.linkextractors.LinkExtractor(
allow = (),
deny = (),
allow_domains = (),
deny_domains = (),
deny_extensions = None,
restrict_xpaths = (),
tags = ('a','area'),
attrs = ('href'),
canonicalize = True,
unique = True,
process_value = None
)
主要参数:
allow:满足括号中“正则表达式”的URL会被提取,如果为空,则全部匹配。
deny:满足括号中“正则表达式”的URL一定不提取(优先级高于allow)。
allow_domains:会被提取的链的域名。
deny_domains:一定不会被提取链接的域名。
restrict_xpaths:使用xpath表达式,和allow共同作用过滤链接。(限定allow的匹配范围i)
Logging
Scrapy提供了log功能,可以通过 logging 模块使用。
可以修改配置文件settings.py,任意位置添加下面两行,效果会清爽很多。
LOG_FILE = "TencentSpider.log" LOG_LEVEL = "INFO"
Log levels
Scrapy提供5层logging级别:
CRITICAL - 严重错误(critical) ERROR - 一般错误(regular errors) WARNING - 警告信息(warning messages) INFO - 一般信息(informational messages) DEBUG - 调试信息(debugging messages)
logging设置
通过在setting.py中进行以下设置可以被用来配置logging:
LOG_ENABLED 默认: True,启用logging LOG_ENCODING 默认: 'utf-8',logging使用的编码 LOG_FILE 默认: None,在当前目录里创建logging输出文件的文件名 LOG_LEVEL 默认: 'DEBUG',log的最低级别 LOG_STDOUT 默认: False 如果为 True,进程所有的标准输出(及错误)将会被重定向到log中。例如,执行 print "hello" ,其将会在Scrapy log中显示。

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