实验2

实验二:

实验1

源代码:

T.h

 1 #pragma once
 2 
 3 #include <string>
 4 
 5 // 类T: 声明
 6 class T {
 7     // 对象属性、方法
 8 public:
 9     T(int x = 0, int y = 0);  // 普通构造函数
10     T(const T& t); // 复制构造函数
11     T(T&& t);      // 移动构造函数
12     ~T();          // 析构函数
13 
14     void adjust(int ratio);    // 按系数成倍调整数据
15     void display() const;      // 以(m1, m2)形式显示T类对象信息
16 
17 private:
18     int m1, m2;
19 
20     // 类属性、方法
21 public:
22     static int get_cnt();      // 显示当前T类对象总数
23 
24 public:
25     static const std::string doc;  // 类T的描述信息
26     static const int max_cnt;      // 类T对象上限
27 
28 private:
29     static int cnt;            // 当前T类对象数目
30 
31     // 类T友元函数声明
32     friend void func();
33 };
34 
35 // 普通函数声明
36 void func();

T.cpp

 1 #include "T.h"
 2 #include <iostream>
 3 #include <string>
 4 
 5 // 类T实现
 6 
 7 // static成员数据类外初始化
 8 const std::string T::doc{ "a simple class sample" };
 9 const int T::max_cnt = 999;
10 int T::cnt = 0;
11 
12 // 类方法
13 int T::get_cnt() {
14     return cnt;
15 }
16 
17 // 对象方法
18 T::T(int x, int y) : m1{ x }, m2{ y } {
19     ++cnt;
20     std::cout << "T constructor called.\n";
21 }
22 
23 T::T(const T& t) : m1{ t.m1 }, m2{ t.m2 } {
24     ++cnt;
25     std::cout << "T copy constructor called.\n";
26 }
27 
28 T::T(T&& t) : m1{ t.m1 }, m2{ t.m2 } {
29     ++cnt;
30     std::cout << "T move constructor called.\n";
31 }
32 
33 T::~T() {
34     --cnt;
35     std::cout << "T destructor called.\n";
36 }
37 
38 void T::adjust(int ratio) {
39     m1 *= ratio;
40     m2 *= ratio;
41 }
42 
43 void T::display() const {
44     std::cout << "(" << m1 << ", " << m2 << ")";
45 }
46 
47 // 普通函数实现
48 void func() {
49     T t5(42);
50     t5.m2 = 2049;
51     std::cout << "t5 = "; t5.display(); std::cout << '\n';
52 }

task1.cpp

 1 #include "T.h"
 2 #include <iostream>
 3 
 4 void test_T();
 5 
 6 int main() {
 7     std::cout << "test Class T: \n";
 8     test_T();
 9 
10     std::cout << "\ntest friend func: \n";
11     func();
12 }
13 
14 void test_T() {
15     using std::cout;
16     using std::endl;
17 
18     cout << "T info: " << T::doc << endl;
19     cout << "T objects'max count: " << T::max_cnt << endl;
20     cout << "T objects'current count: " << T::get_cnt() << endl << endl;
21 
22     T t1;
23     cout << "t1 = "; t1.display(); cout << endl;
24 
25     T t2(3, 4);
26     cout << "t2 = "; t2.display(); cout << endl;
27 
28     T t3(t2);
29     t3.adjust(2);
30     cout << "t3 = "; t3.display(); cout << endl;
31 
32     T t4(std::move(t2));
33     cout << "t4 = "; t4.display(); cout << endl;
34 
35     cout << "test: T objects'current count: " << T::get_cnt() << endl;
36 }

运行结果:

image

 问题回答:

1.NO,报错截图如下:

image

原因:在 C++ 中,在类内声明的友元函数仅表示该函数可访问类的私有成员,还需要在类外进行函数声明,否则编译器在调用该函数时无法识别其存在。若删除 void func(); 这条函数声明语句,当程序中调用 func() 时,编译器会因func函数未声明而报错无法运行。

2.普通构造函数 T(int x = 0, int y = 0);

(1)功能:用于创建T类对象时初始化成员变量m1和m2.

(2)调用时机:当使用T t1、T t2(3,4)带参数或者不带参数等方式创建T类对象时调用。

复制构造函数 T(const T& t);

(1)功能:通过已存在的T类对象,创建一个完全相同的新T类对象,达到复制的作用。

(2)调用时机:用一个已存在的T对象初始化另一个新T对象,在task1中应用为T t3(t2)操作。

移动构造函数 T(T&& t);

(1)功能:利用右值引用,将一个临时T对象的右值移动到新对象中。

(2)调用时机:当用一个右值初始化新T对象时,在task1中为T t4(std::move(t2))操作。

析构函数 ~T();

(1)功能:在T类对象生命周期结束时,将动态分配的内存释放掉。

(2)调用时机:当T类对象离开其作用域,通过delete操作释放动态分配的T对象时被调用。

3.编译失败,报错截图如下:

image

 原因:T::get_cnt()函数被重复定义了,其在T.h中原先已被定义过,因此程序报错。

 

实验二

源代码:

Complex.h

 1 #pragma once
 2 #include <string>
 3 
 4 class Complex {
 5 public:
 6     static const std::string doc;
 7 
 8     Complex(double real = 0.0, double imag = 0.0);
 9     Complex(const Complex& other);
10 
11     double get_real() const;
12     double get_imag() const;
13     void add(const Complex& other);
14 
15     friend void output(const Complex& c);
16     friend double abs(const Complex& c);
17     friend Complex add(const Complex& c1, const Complex& c2);
18     friend bool is_equal(const Complex& c1, const Complex& c2);
19     friend bool is_not_equal(const Complex& c1, const Complex& c2);
20 
21 private:
22     double real;
23     double imag;
24 };

Complex.cpp

 1 #include "Complex.h"
 2 #include <cmath>
 3 #include <iostream>
 4 
 5 // 类属性初始化
 6 const std::string Complex::doc = "a simplified Complex class";
 7 
 8 // 构造函数实现
 9 Complex::Complex(double real, double imag) : real(real), imag(imag) {}
10 Complex::Complex(const Complex& other) : real(other.real), imag(other.imag) {}
11 
12 // 对象方法实现
13 double Complex::get_real() const { return real; }
14 double Complex::get_imag() const { return imag; }
15 void Complex::add(const Complex& other) {
16     real += other.real;
17     imag += other.imag;
18 }
19 
20 // 友元函数实现
21 void output(const Complex& c) {
22     std::cout << c.real;
23     if (c.imag >= 0) std::cout << " + " << c.imag << "i";
24     else std::cout << " - " << -c.imag << "i";
25 }
26 
27 double abs(const Complex& c) {
28     return std::sqrt(c.real * c.real + c.imag * c.imag);
29 }
30 
31 Complex add(const Complex& c1, const Complex& c2) {
32     return Complex(c1.real + c2.real, c1.imag + c2.imag);
33 }
34 
35 bool is_equal(const Complex& c1, const Complex& c2) {
36     return (c1.real == c2.real) && (c1.imag == c2.imag);
37 }
38 
39 bool is_not_equal(const Complex& c1, const Complex& c2) {
40     return !is_equal(c1, c2);
41 }

task2.cpp

 1 #include "Complex.h"
 2 #include <iostream>
 3 #include <iomanip>
 4 #include <complex>
 5 
 6 void test_Complex();
 7 void test_std_complex();
 8 
 9 int main() {
10     std::cout << "*******测试1:自定义类Complex*******\n";
11     test_Complex();
12 
13     std::cout << "\n*******测试2:标准库模板类complex*******\n";
14     test_std_complex();
15 }
16 
17 void test_Complex() {
18     using std::cout;
19     using std::endl;
20     using std::boolalpha;
21 
22     cout << "类成员测试:" << endl;
23     cout << Complex::doc << endl << endl;
24 
25     cout << "Complex对象测试:" << endl;
26     Complex c1;
27     Complex c2(3, -4);
28     Complex c3(c2);
29     Complex c4 = c2;
30     const Complex c5(3.5);
31 
32     cout << "c1 = "; output(c1); cout << endl;
33     cout << "c2 = "; output(c2); cout << endl;
34     cout << "c3 = "; output(c3); cout << endl;
35     cout << "c4 = "; output(c4); cout << endl;
36     cout << "c5.real = " << c5.get_real()
37         << ", c5.imag = " << c5.get_imag() << endl << endl;
38 
39     cout << "复数运算测试:" << endl;
40     cout << "abs(c2) = " << abs(c2) << endl;
41     c1.add(c2);
42     cout << "c1 += c2, c1 = "; output(c1); cout << endl;
43     cout << boolalpha;
44     cout << "c1 == c2 : " << is_equal(c1, c2) << endl;
45     cout << "c1 != c2 : " << is_not_equal(c1, c2) << endl;
46     c4 = add(c2, c3);
47     cout << "c4 = c2 + c3, c4 = "; output(c4); cout << endl;
48 }
49 
50 void test_std_complex() {
51     using std::cout;
52     using std::endl;
53     using std::boolalpha;
54 
55     cout << "std::complex<double>对象测试:" << endl;
56     std::complex<double> c1;
57     std::complex<double> c2(3, -4);
58     std::complex<double> c3(c2);
59     std::complex<double> c4 = c2;
60     const std::complex<double> c5(3.5);
61 
62     cout << "c1 = (" << c1.real() << "," << c1.imag() << ")" << endl;
63     cout << "c2 = (" << c2.real() << "," << c2.imag() << ")" << endl;
64     cout << "c3 = (" << c3.real() << "," << c3.imag() << ")" << endl;
65     cout << "c4 = (" << c4.real() << "," << c4.imag() << ")" << endl;
66     cout << "c5.real = " << c5.real()
67         << ", c5.imag = " << c5.imag() << endl << endl;
68 
69     cout << "复数运算测试:" << endl;
70     cout << "abs(c2) = " << std::abs(c2) << endl;
71     c1 += c2;
72     cout << "c1 += c2, c1 = (" << c1.real() << "," << c1.imag() << ")" << endl;
73     cout << boolalpha;
74     cout << "c1 == c2 : " << (c1 == c2) << endl;
75     cout << "c1 != c2 : " << (c1 != c2) << endl;
76     c4 = c2 + c3;
77     cout << "c4 = c2 + c3, c4 = (" << c4.real() << "," << c4.imag() << ")" << endl;
78 }

运行结果:

image

问题回答:

1.显然标准库模板类 complex 更加简洁,其支持原生运算符(+=、+、==、!=)和流输出操作,形式更贴近自然数学语言的表达,增加了代码的可读性。

   函数和运算内在关联:自定义类的函数(如 add、is_equal)与标准库的运算符(+=、==)功能等价,只不过是对数学运算的的封装形式的不同。

2.1 是:output 需要访问复数的实部和虚部以格式化输出;abs 需要读取这两个私有成员用来计算模长;add 需要操作私有成员实现加法,因此必须设为友元。

2.2 否:标准库 std::complex 的 abs 是普通函数,通过类的公有接口访问数据,未使用友元。

2.3 当外部函数需要直接访问类的私有成员,且该函数与类的逻辑强关联时,可以使用友元。

3.将复制构造函数设为私有,即 private: Complex(const Complex &other)操作,这样类似 Complex c4 = c2的等于形式的复制初始化会因无法访问私有构造函数而编译报错。

 

实验三

源代码:

PlayerControl.h

 1 #pragma once
 2 #include <string>
 3 
 4 enum class ControlType { Play, Pause, Next, Prev, Stop, Unknown };
 5 
 6 class PlayerControl {
 7 public:
 8     PlayerControl();
 9 
10     ControlType parse(const std::string& control_str);  // 实现std::string --> ControlType转换
11     void execute(ControlType cmd) const;  // 执行控制操作(以打印输出模拟)
12 
13     static int get_cnt();
14 
15 private:
16     static int total_cnt;
17 };

PlayerControl.cpp

 1 #include "PlayerControl.h"
 2 #include <iostream>
 3 #include <algorithm>
 4 
 5 int PlayerControl::total_cnt = 0;
 6 
 7 PlayerControl::PlayerControl() {}
 8 
 9 // 待补足
10 // 1. 将输入字符串转为小写,实现大小写不敏感
11 // 2. 匹配"play"/"pause"/"next"/"prev"/"stop"并返回对应枚举
12 // 3. 未匹配的字符串返回ControlType::Unknown
13 // 4. 每次成功调用parse时递增total_cnt
14 ControlType PlayerControl::parse(const std::string& control_str) {
15     // 1. 将输入字符串转为小写(忽略大小写)
16     std::string lower_str = control_str;
17     std::transform(lower_str.begin(), lower_str.end(), lower_str.begin(),
18         [](unsigned char c) { return std::tolower(c); });
19 
20     // 2. 匹配命令并返回对应枚举
21     ControlType cmd = ControlType::Unknown;
22     if (lower_str == "play")      cmd = ControlType::Play;
23     else if (lower_str == "pause") cmd = ControlType::Pause;
24     else if (lower_str == "next")  cmd = ControlType::Next;
25     else if (lower_str == "prev")  cmd = ControlType::Prev;
26     else if (lower_str == "stop")  cmd = ControlType::Stop;
27 
28     // 3. 成功匹配则递增操作次数
29     if (cmd != ControlType::Unknown) {
30         PlayerControl::total_cnt++;
31     }
32     return cmd;
33     
34 }
35 
36 void PlayerControl::execute(ControlType cmd) const {
37     switch (cmd) {
38     case ControlType::Play:   std::cout << "[play] Playing music...\n"; break;
39     case ControlType::Pause:  std::cout << "[Pause] Music paused\n";    break;
40     case ControlType::Next:   std::cout << "[Next] Skipping to next track\n"; break;
41     case ControlType::Prev:   std::cout << "[Prev] Back to previous track\n"; break;
42     case ControlType::Stop:   std::cout << "[Stop] Music stopped\n";    break;
43     default:                  std::cout << "[Error] unknown control\n"; break;
44     }
45 }
46 
47 int PlayerControl::get_cnt() {
48     return total_cnt;
49 }

task3.cpp

 1 #include "PlayerControl.h"
 2 #include <iostream>
 3 
 4 void test() {
 5     PlayerControl controller;
 6     std::string control_str;
 7     std::cout << "Enter Control: (play/pause/next/prev/stop/quit):\n";
 8 
 9     while (std::cin >> control_str) {
10         if (control_str == "quit")
11             break;
12 
13         ControlType cmd = controller.parse(control_str);
14         controller.execute(cmd);
15         std::cout << "Current Player control: " << PlayerControl::get_cnt() << "\n\n";
16     }
17 }
18 
19 int main() {
20     test();
21 }

运行结果:

image

 问题回答:

如果要实现带 emoji 的现代播放控制输出,可以直接修改 PlayerControl.cpp 中 execute 函数的输出内容部分?如 case ControlType::Play:   std::cout << "🎵 Playing music...\n"; break,以此类推。

实验四

源代码:

Fraction.h

 1 #ifndef FRACTION_H
 2 #define FRACTION_H
 3 
 4 #include <string>
 5 
 6 class Fraction {
 7 private:
 8     int up;    // 分子
 9     int down;  // 分母
10 
11     int gcd(int a, int b);    // 求最大公约数
12     void reduce();            // 约分
13 
14 public:
15     static const std::string doc;  // 类说明常量
16 
17     // 构造函数
18     Fraction(int up = 0, int down = 1);
19     Fraction(const Fraction& other);  // 拷贝构造
20 
21     // 接口
22     int get_up() const;
23     int get_down() const;
24     Fraction negative() const;  // 求负运算
25 };
26 
27 // 工具函数声明
28 void output(const Fraction& f);
29 Fraction add(const Fraction& f1, const Fraction& f2);
30 Fraction sub(const Fraction& f1, const Fraction& f2);
31 Fraction mul(const Fraction& f1, const Fraction& f2);
32 Fraction div(const Fraction& f1, const Fraction& f2);
33 
34 #endif // FRACTION_H

Fraction.cpp

 1 #include "Fraction.h"
 2 #include <iostream>
 3 #include <stdexcept>
 4 
 5 const std::string Fraction::doc = "Fraction类 v0.01版.\n目前仅支持分数对象的构造、输出、加/减/乘/除运算.";
 6 
 7 // 构造函数实现时移除默认参数(默认参数仅在头文件声明中指定)
 8 Fraction::Fraction(int up, int down) {
 9     if (down == 0) {
10         throw std::invalid_argument("分母不能为0");
11     }
12     this->up = up;
13     this->down = down;
14     reduce();
15 }
16 
17 Fraction::Fraction(const Fraction& other) : up(other.up), down(other.down) {}
18 
19 int Fraction::get_up() const { return up; }
20 int Fraction::get_down() const { return down; }
21 
22 Fraction Fraction::negative() const {
23     return Fraction(-up, down);
24 }
25 
26 int Fraction::gcd(int a, int b) {
27     a = std::abs(a);
28     b = std::abs(b);
29     while (b != 0) {
30         int temp = b;
31         b = a % b;
32         a = temp;
33     }
34     return a;
35 }
36 
37 void Fraction::reduce() {
38     if (down < 0) {
39         up = -up;
40         down = -down;
41     }
42     int g = gcd(up, down);
43     if (g != 0) {
44         up /= g;
45         down /= g;
46     }
47 }
48 
49 void output(const Fraction& f) {
50     if (f.get_down() == 1) {
51         std::cout << f.get_up();
52     }
53     else {
54         std::cout << f.get_up() << "/" << f.get_down();
55     }
56 }
57 
58 Fraction add(const Fraction& f1, const Fraction& f2) {
59     int up = f1.get_up() * f2.get_down() + f2.get_up() * f1.get_down();
60     int down = f1.get_down() * f2.get_down();
61     return Fraction(up, down);
62 }
63 
64 Fraction sub(const Fraction& f1, const Fraction& f2) {
65     int up = f1.get_up() * f2.get_down() - f2.get_up() * f1.get_down();
66     int down = f1.get_down() * f2.get_down();
67     return Fraction(up, down);
68 }
69 
70 Fraction mul(const Fraction& f1, const Fraction& f2) {
71     int up = f1.get_up() * f2.get_up();
72     int down = f1.get_down() * f2.get_down();
73     return Fraction(up, down);
74 }
75 
76 Fraction div(const Fraction& f1, const Fraction& f2) {
77     if (f2.get_up() == 0) {
78         std::cerr << "分母不能为0" << std::endl;
79         return Fraction(0, 1);
80     }
81     int up = f1.get_up() * f2.get_down();
82     int down = f1.get_down() * f2.get_up();
83     return Fraction(up, down);
84 }

task4.cpp

 1 #include "Fraction.h"
 2 #include <iostream>
 3 
 4 void test1();
 5 void test2();
 6 
 7 int main() {
 8     std::cout << "测试1: Fraction类基础功能测试\n";
 9     test1();
10 
11     std::cout << "\n测试2: 分母为0测试: \n";
12     test2();
13 }
14 
15 void test1() {
16     using std::cout;
17     using std::endl;
18 
19     cout << "Fraction类测试: " << endl;
20     cout << Fraction::doc << endl << endl;
21 
22     Fraction f1(5);
23     Fraction f2(3, -4), f3(-18, 12);
24     Fraction f4(f3);
25     cout << "f1 = "; output(f1); cout << endl;
26     cout << "f2 = "; output(f2); cout << endl;
27     cout << "f3 = "; output(f3); cout << endl;
28     cout << "f4 = "; output(f4); cout << endl;
29 
30     const Fraction f5(f4.negative());
31     cout << "f5 = "; output(f5); cout << endl;
32     cout << "f5.get_up() = " << f5.get_up()
33         << ", f5.get_down() = " << f5.get_down() << endl;
34 
35     cout << "f1 + f2 = "; output(add(f1, f2)); cout << endl;
36     cout << "f1 - f2 = "; output(sub(f1, f2)); cout << endl;
37     cout << "f1 * f2 = "; output(mul(f1, f2)); cout << endl;
38     cout << "f1 / f2 = "; output(div(f1, f2)); cout << endl;
39     cout << "f4 + f5 = "; output(add(f4, f5)); cout << endl;
40 }
41 
42 void test2() {
43     using std::cout;
44     using std::endl;
45 
46     Fraction f6(42, 55), f7(0, 3);
47 
48     cout << "f6 = "; output(f6); cout << endl;
49     cout << "f7 = "; output(f7); cout << endl;
50     cout << "f6 / f7 = "; output(div(f6, f7)); cout << endl;
51 }

运行截图:

image

问题回答:

使用自由函数:(1)自由函数无需依赖类的友元权限,可以独立实现分数的输出和运算逻辑,代码解耦性强、可读性高。

(2)友元虽然可以直接访问私有成员,但会破坏类的封装性,自由函数在该场景下兼顾了功能独立性与实现简洁性。

 

实验总结

(1)慢慢从c语言过渡到c++的语法中去,明确了类与对象的封装特性,掌握了 C++ 类的定义、实现与测试方法,能熟练创建对象并基于面向对象编程。

(2)理解了构造函数在对象初始化时的调用机制,学会了多文件组织代码的操作。

(3)学会根据场景合理运用static、const、友元等 C++ 特性,在数据共享与保护间取得平衡,提升了面向对象编程思维的设计能力。

 

 

 

posted @ 2025-10-28 20:31  景思翰  阅读(3)  评论(1)    收藏  举报