python之路《第二篇》Python基本数据类型

运算符

1、算数运算：

2、比较运算：

3、赋值运算：

4、逻辑运算：

5、成员运算：

6、三元运算

三元运算（三目运算），是对简单的条件语句的缩写。

1 2 3 4 5

# 书写格式   result = 值1 if 条件 else 值2   # 如果条件成立，那么将 “值1” 赋值给result变量，否则，将“值2”赋值给result变量

基本数据类型

1、数字

int（整型）

　　在32位机器上，整数的位数为32位，取值范围为-2**31～2**31-1，即-2147483648～2147483647
　　在64位系统上，整数的位数为64位，取值范围为-2**63～2**63-1，即-9223372036854775808～9223372036854775807

class int(object):
    """
    int(x=0) -> int or long
    int(x, base=10) -> int or long 把一个字符串转成十进制，base指定字符串的进制，默认十进制
    如：int('ffff', base=16)把16进制的字符串转成十进制
    Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
    are given.  If x is floating point, the conversion truncates towards zero.
    If x is outside the integer range, the function returns a long instead.
    
    If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string or
    Unicode object representing an integer literal in the given base.  The
    literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded by whitespace.
    The base defaults to 10.  Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.  Base 0 means to
    interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
    >>> int('0b100', base=0)
    4
    """
    def bit_length(self): 
        """ 返回表示该数字的实际占用的最少位数 """
        """
        int.bit_length() -> int
        
        Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
        >>> bin(37)
        '0b100101'
        >>> (37).bit_length()
        6
        """
        return 0

    def conjugate(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ 返回该复数的共轭复数 """
        """ Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int. """
        pass

    def __abs__(self):
        """ 返回绝对值 """
        """ x.__abs__() <==> abs(x) """
        pass

    def __add__(self, y):
        """ x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """
        pass

    def __and__(self, y):
        """ x.__and__(y) <==> x&y """
        pass

    def __cmp__(self, y): 
        """ 比较两个数大小 """
        """ x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y) """
        pass

    def __coerce__(self, y):
        """ 强制生成一个元组 """ 
        """ x.__coerce__(y) <==> coerce(x, y) """
        pass

    def __divmod__(self, y): 
        """ 相除，得到商和余数组成的元组 """ 
        """ x.__divmod__(y) <==> divmod(x, y) """
        pass

    def __div__(self, y): 
        """ x.__div__(y) <==> x/y """
        pass

    def __float__(self): 
        """ 转换为浮点类型 """ 
        """ x.__float__() <==> float(x) """
        pass

    def __floordiv__(self, y): 
        """ x.__floordiv__(y) <==> x//y """
        pass

    def __format__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        pass

    def __getattribute__(self, name): 
        """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
        pass

    def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ 内部调用 __new__方法或创建对象时传入参数使用 """ 
        pass

    def __hash__(self): 
        """如果对象object为哈希表类型，返回对象object的哈希值。哈希值为整数。在字典查找中，哈希值用于快速比较字典的键。两个数值如果相等，则哈希值也相等。"""
        """ x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) """
        pass

    def __hex__(self): 
        """ 返回当前数的 十六进制 表示 """ 
        """ x.__hex__() <==> hex(x) """
        pass

    def __index__(self): 
        """ 用于切片，数字无意义 """
        """ x[y:z] <==> x[y.__index__():z.__index__()] """
        pass

    def __init__(self, x, base=10): # known special case of int.__init__
        """ 构造方法，执行 x = 123 或 x = int(10) 时，自动调用，暂时忽略 """ 
        """
        int(x=0) -> int or long
        int(x, base=10) -> int or long
        
        Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
        are given.  If x is floating point, the conversion truncates towards zero.
        If x is outside the integer range, the function returns a long instead.
        
        If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string or
        Unicode object representing an integer literal in the given base.  The
        literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded by whitespace.
        The base defaults to 10.  Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.  Base 0 means to
        interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
        >>> int('0b100', base=0)
        4
        # (copied from class doc)
        """
        pass

    def __int__(self): 
        """ 转换为整数 """ 
        """ x.__int__() <==> int(x) """
        pass

    def __invert__(self): 
        """ x.__invert__() <==> ~x """
        pass

    def __long__(self): 
        """ 转换为长整数 """ 
        """ x.__long__() <==> long(x) """
        pass

    def __lshift__(self, y): 
        """ x.__lshift__(y) <==> x<<y """
        pass

    def __mod__(self, y): 
        """ x.__mod__(y) <==> x%y """
        pass

    def __mul__(self, y): 
        """ x.__mul__(y) <==> x*y """
        pass

    def __neg__(self): 
        """ x.__neg__() <==> -x """
        pass

    @staticmethod # known case of __new__
    def __new__(S, *more): 
        """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
        pass

    def __nonzero__(self): 
        """ x.__nonzero__() <==> x != 0 """
        pass

    def __oct__(self): 
        """ 返回改值的 八进制 表示 """ 
        """ x.__oct__() <==> oct(x) """
        pass

    def __or__(self, y): 
        """ x.__or__(y) <==> x|y """
        pass

    def __pos__(self): 
        """ x.__pos__() <==> +x """
        pass

    def __pow__(self, y, z=None): 
        """ 幂，次方 """ 
        """ x.__pow__(y[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) """
        pass

    def __radd__(self, y): 
        """ x.__radd__(y) <==> y+x """
        pass

    def __rand__(self, y): 
        """ x.__rand__(y) <==> y&x """
        pass

    def __rdivmod__(self, y): 
        """ x.__rdivmod__(y) <==> divmod(y, x) """
        pass

    def __rdiv__(self, y): 
        """ x.__rdiv__(y) <==> y/x """
        pass

    def __repr__(self): 
        """转化为解释器可读取的形式 """
        """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
        pass

    def __str__(self): 
        """转换为人阅读的形式，如果没有适于人阅读的解释形式的话，则返回解释器课阅读的形式"""
        """ x.__str__() <==> str(x) """
        pass

    def __rfloordiv__(self, y): 
        """ x.__rfloordiv__(y) <==> y//x """
        pass

    def __rlshift__(self, y): 
        """ x.__rlshift__(y) <==> y<<x """
        pass

    def __rmod__(self, y): 
        """ x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x """
        pass

    def __rmul__(self, y): 
        """ x.__rmul__(y) <==> y*x """
        pass

    def __ror__(self, y): 
        """ x.__ror__(y) <==> y|x """
        pass

    def __rpow__(self, x, z=None): 
        """ y.__rpow__(x[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) """
        pass

    def __rrshift__(self, y): 
        """ x.__rrshift__(y) <==> y>>x """
        pass

    def __rshift__(self, y): 
        """ x.__rshift__(y) <==> x>>y """
        pass

    def __rsub__(self, y): 
        """ x.__rsub__(y) <==> y-x """
        pass

    def __rtruediv__(self, y): 
        """ x.__rtruediv__(y) <==> y/x """
        pass

    def __rxor__(self, y): 
        """ x.__rxor__(y) <==> y^x """
        pass

    def __sub__(self, y): 
        """ x.__sub__(y) <==> x-y """
        pass

    def __truediv__(self, y): 
        """ x.__truediv__(y) <==> x/y """
        pass

    def __trunc__(self, *args, **kwargs): 
        """ 返回数值被截取为整形的值，在整形中无意义 """
        pass

    def __xor__(self, y): 
        """ x.__xor__(y) <==> x^y """
        pass

    denominator = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
    """ 分母 = 1 """
    """the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms"""

    imag = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
    """ 虚数，无意义 """
    """the imaginary part of a complex number"""

    numerator = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
    """ 分子 = 数字大小 """
    """the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms"""

    real = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
    """ 实属，无意义 """
    """the real part of a complex number"""

 

2、布尔值

　　True  False

        ""、None、()、[]、{}、0     ==》假

        " " 、其它                           ==》真

 3、字符串

"hello world"

字符串常用功能：

• 移除空白
• 分割
• 长度
• 索引
• 切片

  1   class str(object):
  2     """
  3     str(object='') -> str
  4     str(bytes_or_buffer[, encoding[, errors]]) -> str
  5     
  6     Create a new string object from the given object. If encoding or
  7     errors is specified, then the object must expose a data buffer
  8     that will be decoded using the given encoding and error handler.
  9     Otherwise, returns the result of object.__str__() (if defined)
 10     or repr(object).
 11     encoding defaults to sys.getdefaultencoding().
 12     errors defaults to 'strict'.
 13     """
 14     def capitalize(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 15         """ 首字母变大写 """
 16         """
 17         S.capitalize() -> str
 18         
 19         Return a capitalized version of S, i.e. make the first character
 20         have upper case and the rest lower case.
 21         """
 22         return ""
 23 
 24     def casefold(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 25         """ 多国语言大写变小写{汉字大写就转不成小写} """
 26         """
 27         S.casefold() -> str
 28         
 29         Return a version of S suitable for caseless comparisons.
 30         """
 31         return ""
 32 
 33     def center(self, width, fillchar=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 34         """ 内容居中，width：总长度；fillchar：空白处填充内容，默认无 """
 35         """
 36         S.center(width[, fillchar]) -> str
 37         
 38         Return S centered in a string of length width. Padding is
 39         done using the specified fill character (default is a space)
 40         """
 41         return ""
 42 
 43     def count(self, sub, start=None, end=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 44         """ 子序列个数 """
 45         """
 46         S.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 47         
 48         Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of substring sub in
 49         string S[start:end].  Optional arguments start and end are
 50         interpreted as in slice notation.
 51         """
 52         return 0
 53 
 54     def encode(self, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict'): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 55         """
 56         S.encode(encoding='utf-8', errors='strict') -> bytes
 57         
 58         Encode S using the codec registered for encoding. Default encoding
 59         is 'utf-8'. errors may be given to set a different error
 60         handling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise
 61         a UnicodeEncodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore', 'replace' and
 62         'xmlcharrefreplace' as well as any other name registered with
 63         codecs.register_error that can handle UnicodeEncodeErrors.
 64         """
 65         return b""
 66 
 67     def endswith(self, suffix, start=None, end=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 68         """ 是否以 xxx 结束 """
 69         """
 70         S.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
 71         
 72         Return True if S ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.
 73         With optional start, test S beginning at that position.
 74         With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.
 75         suffix can also be a tuple of strings to try.
 76         """
 77         return False
 78 
 79     def expandtabs(self, tabsize=8): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 80         """ 
 81         将tab转换成空格{以4个为一组断开，如果出现tab，就让空格把其它的补齐}，默认一个tab转换成8个空格
 82          如：s = '123ddd\terere\t';
 83                  print(s.expandtabs(4))
 84                  结果：123ddd  erere   {这里，123d一组，dd+两个空格一组，erer一组，e+三个空格一组}
 85         """
 86         """
 87         S.expandtabs(tabsize=8) -> str
 88         
 89         Return a copy of S where all tab characters are expanded using spaces.
 90         If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed.
 91         """
 92         return ""
 93 
 94     def find(self, sub, start=None, end=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 95         """ 寻找子序列位置，如果没找到，返回 -1 """
 96         """
 97         S.find(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 98         
 99         Return the lowest index in S where substring sub is found,
100         such that sub is contained within S[start:end].  Optional
101         arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
102         
103         Return -1 on failure.
104         """
105         return 0
106 
107     def format(self, *args, **kwargs): # known special case of str.format
108         """
109         格式化，将一个字符串中的占位符替换为指定的值
110         如：1) s = 'i am {name}';
111                      print(s.format(name='jqbai'))
112                      结果：i am jqbai
113                 2) s = 'i am {0}';
114                      print(s.format('jqbai'))
115                      结果：i am jqbai
116         """
117         """
118         S.format(*args, **kwargs) -> str
119         
120         Return a formatted version of S, using substitutions from args and kwargs.
121         The substitutions are identified by braces ('{' and '}').
122         """
123         pass
124 
125     def format_map(self, mapping): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
126          """
127         格式化，将一个字符串中的占位符替换为指定的值，传入的值是{'name':'jqbai','age':'20'}
128         如：1) s = 'i am {name}, age {age}';
129                      (s.format_map({'name':'jqbai','age':'20'}))
130                      结果：i am jqbai, age 20
131                 2) s = 'i am {0}';
132                      print(s.format('jqbai'))
133                      结果：i am jqbai
134         """
135         """
136         S.format_map(mapping) -> str
137         
138         Return a formatted version of S, using substitutions from mapping.
139         The substitutions are identified by braces ('{' and '}').
140         """
141         return ""
142 
143     def index(self, sub, start=None, end=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
144         """ 寻找子序列位置，如果没找到，报错 """
145         """
146         S.index(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
147         
148         Return the lowest index in S where substring sub is found, 
149         such that sub is contained within S[start:end].  Optional
150         arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
151         
152         Raises ValueError when the substring is not found.
153         """
154         return 0
155 
156     def isalnum(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
157         """ 是否是字母、数字和汉字 """
158         """
159         S.isalnum() -> bool
160         
161         Return True if all characters in S are alphanumeric
162         and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
163         """
164         return False
165 
166     def isalpha(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
167         """ 是否是字母和汉字 """
168         """
169         S.isalpha() -> bool
170         
171         Return True if all characters in S are alphabetic
172         and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
173         """
174         return False
175 
176     def isdecimal(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
177         """ 是否是数字{只能是阿拉伯数字} """
178         """
179         S.isdecimal() -> bool
180         
181         Return True if there are only decimal characters in S,
182         False otherwise.
183         """
184         return False
185 
186     def isdigit(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
187         """ 是否是数字{可以是特殊的数字如：②{二：这种不行}} """
188         """
189         S.isdigit() -> bool
190         
191         Return True if all characters in S are digits
192         and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
193         """
194         return False
195 
196     def isidentifier(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
197         """ 是否是标识符，标识符只能用字母，数字，下划线的命名，但是不能以数字开头 """
198         """
199         S.isidentifier() -> bool
200         
201         Return True if S is a valid identifier according
202         to the language definition.
203         
204         Use keyword.iskeyword() to test for reserved identifiers
205         such as "def" and "class".
206         """
207         return False
208 
209     def islower(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
210         """ 是否都是小写 """
211         """
212         S.islower() -> bool
213         
214         Return True if all cased characters in S are lowercase and there is
215         at least one cased character in S, False otherwise.
216         """
217         return False
218 
219     def isnumeric(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
220         """ 是否是数字{可以是特殊的数字如：②，二 """
221         """
222         S.isnumeric() -> bool
223         
224         Return True if there are only numeric characters in S,
225         False otherwise.
226         """
227         return False
228 
229     def isprintable(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
230         """ 是否都是可见的，如果存在转义字符（如：\n、\t等）则返回False """
231         """
232         S.isprintable() -> bool
233         
234         Return True if all characters in S are considered
235         printable in repr() or S is empty, False otherwise.
236         """
237         return False
238 
239     def isspace(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
240         """ 是否是空格 """
241         """
242         S.isspace() -> bool
243         
244         Return True if all characters in S are whitespace
245         and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
246         """
247         return False
248 
249     def istitle(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
250         """ 是否是标题，标题是一段单词的首字母都是大写，如：My Family """
251         """
252         S.istitle() -> bool
253         
254         Return True if S is a titlecased string and there is at least one
255         character in S, i.e. upper- and titlecase characters may only
256         follow uncased characters and lowercase characters only cased ones.
257         Return False otherwise.
258         """
259         return False
260 
261     def isupper(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
262         """ 是否都是大写 """
263         """
264         S.isupper() -> bool
265         
266         Return True if all cased characters in S are uppercase and there is
267         at least one cased character in S, False otherwise.
268         """
269         return False
270 
271     def join(self, iterable): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
272         """ 
273         连接：
274             如：seq = '我爱祖国'
275                     string = ' '
276                     print(string.join(seq))
277                     结果：我 爱 祖 国
278                     以 string 作为分隔符，将 seq 中所有的元素(的字符串表示)合并为一个新的字符串
279         """
280         """
281         S.join(iterable) -> str
282         
283         Return a string which is the concatenation of the strings in the
284         iterable.  The separator between elements is S.
285         """
286         return ""
287 
288     def ljust(self, width, fillchar=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
289         """ 内容左对齐，右侧填充 """
290         """
291         S.ljust(width[, fillchar]) -> str
292         
293         Return S left-justified in a Unicode string of length width. Padding is
294         done using the specified fill character (default is a space).
295         """
296         return ""
297 
298     def lower(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
299         """ 变小写 """
300         """
301         S.lower() -> str
302         
303         Return a copy of the string S converted to lowercase.
304         """
305         return ""
306 
307     def lstrip(self, chars=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
308          """ 移除左侧指定的字符
309              如：seq = 'adcb'
310                      print(seq.rstrip('labc'))
311                      则结果为：dcb
312               {默认去除的是空格<\t，\n也可以去除>}
313         """
314         """
315         S.lstrip([chars]) -> str
316         
317         Return a copy of the string S with leading whitespace removed.
318         If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
319         """
320         return ""
321 
322     def maketrans(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
323         """
324         str.maketrans('abc','123')
325         print('sacbd'.translate(str.maketrans('abc','123')))
326         结果：s132d
327         """
328         """
329         Return a translation table usable for str.translate().
330         
331         If there is only one argument, it must be a dictionary mapping Unicode
332         ordinals (integers) or characters to Unicode ordinals, strings or None.
333         Character keys will be then converted to ordinals.
334         If there are two arguments, they must be strings of equal length, and
335         in the resulting dictionary, each character in x will be mapped to the
336         character at the same position in y. If there is a third argument, it
337         must be a string, whose characters will be mapped to None in the result.
338         """
339         pass
340 
341     def partition(self, sep): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
342         """
343         从左分割，前，中，后三部分
344         如：print('adbdbs'.partition('d'))
345                 结果为：('a', 'd', 'bdbs')
346         ""
347         """
348         S.partition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail)
349         
350         Search for the separator sep in S, and return the part before it,
351         the separator itself, and the part after it.  If the separator is not
352         found, return S and two empty strings.
353         """
354         pass
355 
356     def replace(self, old, new, count=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
357         """ 替换 """
358         """
359         S.replace(old, new[, count]) -> str
360         
361         Return a copy of S with all occurrences of substring
362         old replaced by new.  If the optional argument count is
363         given, only the first count occurrences are replaced.
364         """
365         return ""
366 
367     def rfind(self, sub, start=None, end=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
368         """
369         S.rfind(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
370         
371         Return the highest index in S where substring sub is found,
372         such that sub is contained within S[start:end].  Optional
373         arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
374         
375         Return -1 on failure.
376         """
377         return 0
378 
379     def rindex(self, sub, start=None, end=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
380         """
381         S.rindex(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
382         
383         Return the highest index in S where substring sub is found,
384         such that sub is contained within S[start:end].  Optional
385         arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
386         
387         Raises ValueError when the substring is not found.
388         """
389         return 0
390 
391     def rjust(self, width, fillchar=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
392         """ 内容右对齐，左侧填充 """
393         """
394         S.rjust(width[, fillchar]) -> str
395         
396         Return S right-justified in a string of length width. Padding is
397         done using the specified fill character (default is a space).
398         """
399         return ""
400 
401     def rpartition(self, sep): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
402         """
403         从右分割，前，中，后三部分
404         如：print('adbdbs'.partition('d'))
405                 结果为：('adb', 'd', 'bs')
406         ""
407         """
408         S.rpartition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail)
409         
410         Search for the separator sep in S, starting at the end of S, and return
411         the part before it, the separator itself, and the part after it.  If the
412         separator is not found, return two empty strings and S.
413         """
414         pass
415 
416     def rsplit(self, sep=None, maxsplit=-1): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
417         """ 从右到左分割， maxsplit最多分割几次 """
418         """
419         S.rsplit(sep=None, maxsplit=-1) -> list of strings
420         
421         Return a list of the words in S, using sep as the
422         delimiter string, starting at the end of the string and
423         working to the front.  If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit
424         splits are done. If sep is not specified, any whitespace string
425         is a separator.
426         """
427         return []
428 
429     def rstrip(self, chars=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
430         """ 移除右侧指定的字符
431              如：seq = 'adcb'
432                      print(seq.rstrip('labc'))
433                      则结果为：ad
434               {默认去除的是空格<\t，\n也可以去除>}
435         """
436         """
437         S.rstrip([chars]) -> str
438         
439         Return a copy of the string S with trailing whitespace removed.
440         If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
441         """
442         return ""
443 
444     def split(self, sep=None, maxsplit=-1): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
445         """ 从左到右分割， maxsplit最多分割几次 """
446         """
447         S.split(sep=None, maxsplit=-1) -> list of strings
448         
449         Return a list of the words in S, using sep as the
450         delimiter string.  If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit
451         splits are done. If sep is not specified or is None, any
452         whitespace string is a separator and empty strings are
453         removed from the result.
454         """
455         return []
456 
457     def splitlines(self, keepends=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
458         """ 
459         根据换行分割， keepends=True保留换号符（\n） keepends=False不保留换行符，默认 keepends=False
460        如：print('ad\nb\ndbs'.splitlines(True))
461                结果：['ad\n', 'b\n', 'dbs']
462        """
463         """
464         S.splitlines([keepends]) -> list of strings
465         
466         Return a list of the lines in S, breaking at line boundaries.
467         Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends
468         is given and true.
469         """
470         return []
471 
472     def startswith(self, prefix, start=None, end=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
473         """ 是否以xxx起始 """
474         """
475         S.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
476         
477         Return True if S starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.
478         With optional start, test S beginning at that position.
479         With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.
480         prefix can also be a tuple of strings to try.
481         """
482         return False
483 
484     def strip(self, chars=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
485          """ 移除左侧指定的字符
486              如：seq = 'adcb'
487                      print(seq.rstrip('labc'))
488                      则结果为：dcb
489               {默认去除的是空格<\t，\n也可以去除>}
490         """
491         """
492         S.strip([chars]) -> str
493         
494         Return a copy of the string S with leading and trailing
495         whitespace removed.
496         If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
497         """
498         return ""
499 
500     def swapcase(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
501         """ 大写变小写，小写变大写 """
502         """
503         S.swapcase() -> str
504         
505         Return a copy of S with uppercase characters converted to lowercase
506         and vice versa.
507         """
508         return ""
509 
510     def title(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
511         """ 把一段单词变成标题，如：my family变成My Family """
512         """
513         S.title() -> str
514         
515         Return a titlecased version of S, i.e. words start with title case
516         characters, all remaining cased characters have lower case.
517         """
518         return ""
519 
520     def translate(self, table): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
521         """
522         str.maketrans('abc','123')
523         print('sacbd'.translate(str.maketrans('abc','123')))
524         结果：s132d
525         """
526         """
527         S.translate(table) -> str
528         
529         Return a copy of the string S in which each character has been mapped
530         through the given translation table. The table must implement
531         lookup/indexing via __getitem__, for instance a dictionary or list,
532         mapping Unicode ordinals to Unicode ordinals, strings, or None. If
533         this operation raises LookupError, the character is left untouched.
534         Characters mapped to None are deleted.
535         """
536         return ""
537 
538     def upper(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
539         """
540         S.upper() -> str
541         
542         Return a copy of S converted to uppercase.
543         """
544         return ""
545 
546     def zfill(self, width): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
547         """方法返回指定长度的字符串，原字符串右对齐，前面填充0。"""
548         """
549         S.zfill(width) -> str
550         
551         Pad a numeric string S with zeros on the left, to fill a field
552         of the specified width. The string S is never truncated.
553         """
554         return ""
555 
556     def __add__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
557         """ Return self+value. """
558         pass
559 
560     def __contains__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
561         """ Return key in self. """
562         pass
563 
564     def __eq__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
565         """ Return self==value. """
566         pass
567 
568     def __format__(self, format_spec): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
569         """
570         S.__format__(format_spec) -> str
571         
572         Return a formatted version of S as described by format_spec.
573         """
574         return ""
575 
576     def __getattribute__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
577         """ Return getattr(self, name). """
578         pass
579 
580     def __getitem__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
581         """ Return self[key]. """
582         pass
583 
584     def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
585         pass
586 
587     def __ge__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
588         """ Return self>=value. """
589         pass
590 
591     def __gt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
592         """ Return self>value. """
593         pass
594 
595     def __hash__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
596         """ Return hash(self). """
597         pass
598 
599     def __init__(self, value='', encoding=None, errors='strict'): # known special case of str.__init__
600         """
601         str(object='') -> str
602         str(bytes_or_buffer[, encoding[, errors]]) -> str
603         
604         Create a new string object from the given object. If encoding or
605         errors is specified, then the object must expose a data buffer
606         that will be decoded using the given encoding and error handler.
607         Otherwise, returns the result of object.__str__() (if defined)
608         or repr(object).
609         encoding defaults to sys.getdefaultencoding().
610         errors defaults to 'strict'.
611         # (copied from class doc)
612         """
613         pass
614 
615     def __iter__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
616         """ Implement iter(self). """
617         pass
618 
619     def __len__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
620         """ Return len(self). """
621         pass
622 
623     def __le__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
624         """ Return self<=value. """
625         pass
626 
627     def __lt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
628         """ Return self<value. """
629         pass
630 
631     def __mod__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
632         """ Return self%value. """
633         pass
634 
635     def __mul__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
636         """ Return self*value.n """
637         pass
638 
639     @staticmethod # known case of __new__
640     def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
641         """ Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature. """
642         pass
643 
644     def __ne__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
645         """ Return self!=value. """
646         pass
647 
648     def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
649         """ Return repr(self). """
650         pass
651 
652     def __rmod__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
653         """ Return value%self. """
654         pass
655 
656     def __rmul__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
657         """ Return self*value. """
658         pass
659 
660     def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
661         """ S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes """
662         pass
663 
664     def __str__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
665         """ Return str(self). """
666         pass                              

 

 

4、列表

创建列表：

1 2 3

name_list = ['alex', 'seven', 'eric'] 或 name_list ＝ list(['alex', 'seven', 'eric'])

基本操作：

• 索引
• 切片
• 追加
• 删除
• 长度
• 切片
• 循环
• 包含

• 列表转换字符串，如果列表内都是字符串，直接join就OK，如果有数字，则需要自己for循环，然后把数字转出字符串，在加起来

class list(object):
    """
    list() -> new empty list
    list(iterable) -> new list initialized from iterable's items
    """
    def append(self, p_object): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 追加：给列表追加一个元素 """
        """ L.append(object) -> None -- append object to end """
        pass

    def clear(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 清空列表 """
        """ L.clear() -> None -- remove all items from L """
        pass

    def copy(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 拷贝列表（浅拷贝） """
        """ L.copy() -> list -- a shallow copy of L """
        return []

    def count(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 计算元素出现的次数：指定元素在列表中出现几次 """
        """ L.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value """
        return 0

    def extend(self, iterable): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 扩展原来的列表：参数是可迭代对象，如：字符串，列表 """
        """ L.extend(iterable) -> None -- extend list by appending elements from the iterable """
        pass

    def index(self, value, start=None, stop=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 从左往右找，找指定元素的下标（若相同元素有多个，返回第一个元素的下标） """
        """
        L.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value.
        Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
        """
        return 0

    def insert(self, index, p_object): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 给指定位置插入一个元素 """
        """ L.insert(index, object) -- insert object before index """
        pass

    def pop(self, index=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 删除某个下标位置的值，默认删除最后一个，返回删除的那个值 """
        """
        L.pop([index]) -> item -- remove and return item at index (default last).
        Raises IndexError if list is empty or index is out of range.
        """
        pass

    def remove(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        删除指定元素的值，使用del也可以删除，如：del li[1]，或者del li[1:4]
        """
        """
        L.remove(value) -> None -- remove first occurrence of value.
        Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
        """
        pass

    def reverse(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 将当前列表进行反转 """
        """ L.reverse() -- reverse *IN PLACE* """
        pass

    def sort(self, key=None, reverse=False): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 排序，默认从小到大，当reverse=True从大到小排序 """
        """ L.sort(key=None, reverse=False) -> None -- stable sort *IN PLACE* """
        pass

    def __add__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self+value. """
        pass

    def __contains__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return key in self. """
        pass

    def __delitem__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Delete self[key]. """
        pass

    def __eq__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self==value. """
        pass

    def __getattribute__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return getattr(self, name). """
        pass

    def __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """
        pass

    def __ge__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self>=value. """
        pass

    def __gt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self>value. """
        pass

    def __iadd__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Implement self+=value. """
        pass

    def __imul__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Implement self*=value. """
        pass

    def __init__(self, seq=()): # known special case of list.__init__
        """
        list() -> new empty list
        list(iterable) -> new list initialized from iterable's items
        # (copied from class doc)
        """
        pass

    def __iter__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Implement iter(self). """
        pass

    def __len__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return len(self). """
        pass

    def __le__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self<=value. """
        pass

    def __lt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self<value. """
        pass

    def __mul__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self*value.n """
        pass

    @staticmethod # known case of __new__
    def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature. """
        pass

    def __ne__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self!=value. """
        pass

    def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return repr(self). """
        pass

    def __reversed__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ L.__reversed__() -- return a reverse iterator over the list """
        pass

    def __rmul__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self*value. """
        pass

    def __setitem__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Set self[key] to value. """
        pass

    def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ L.__sizeof__() -- size of L in memory, in bytes """
        pass

    __hash__ = None

 

5、元祖

创建元祖：

1 2 3

ages = (11, 22, 33, 44, 55) 或 ages = tuple((11, 22, 33, 44, 55))

基本操作（元组的一级元素不可变）：

• 索引
• 切片
• 循环
• 长度
• 包含
• 创建元组的时候后面加个逗号，用以区分方法和元素，如：(1,3,)

class tuple(object):
    """
    tuple() -> empty tuple
    tuple(iterable) -> tuple initialized from iterable's items
    
    If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object.
    """
    def count(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
       """ 统计指定元素出现的次数 """
        """ T.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value """
        return 0

    def index(self, value, start=None, stop=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 获取指定元素在元组中的下标 """
        """
        T.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value.
        Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
        """
        return 0

    def __add__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self+value. """
        pass

    def __contains__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return key in self. """
        pass

    def __eq__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self==value. """
        pass

    def __getattribute__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return getattr(self, name). """
        pass

    def __getitem__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self[key]. """
        pass

    def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        pass

    def __ge__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self>=value. """
        pass

    def __gt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self>value. """
        pass

    def __hash__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return hash(self). """
        pass

    def __init__(self, seq=()): # known special case of tuple.__init__
        """
        tuple() -> empty tuple
        tuple(iterable) -> tuple initialized from iterable's items
        
        If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object.
        # (copied from class doc)
        """
        pass

    def __iter__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Implement iter(self). """
        pass

    def __len__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return len(self). """
        pass

    def __le__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self<=value. """
        pass

    def __lt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self<value. """
        pass

    def __mul__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self*value.n """
        pass

    @staticmethod # known case of __new__
    def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature. """
        pass

    def __ne__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self!=value. """
        pass

    def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return repr(self). """
        pass

    def __rmul__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self*value. """
        pass

 

6、字典（无序）

创建字典：

1 2 3

person = {"name": "mr.wu", 'age': 18} 或 person = dict({"name": "mr.wu", 'age': 18})

常用操作：

• 索引
• 新增
• 删除
• 键、值、键值对
• 循环
• 长度
• 数字，字符串，元组,bool(如果是True当key，则key转成1,False,key转成0),可以作为字典的key

• 字典的for循环，默认循环所有的key

class dict(object):
    """
    dict() -> new empty dictionary
    dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's
        (key, value) pairs
    dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via:
        d = {}
        for k, v in iterable:
            d[k] = v
    dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs
        in the keyword argument list.  For example:  dict(one=1, two=2)
    """
    def clear(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 清除内容 """
        """ D.clear() -> None.  Remove all items from D. """
        pass

    def copy(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 浅拷贝 """
        """ D.copy() -> a shallow copy of D """
        pass

    @staticmethod # known case
    def fromkeys(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """
        根据序列创建字典，并且指定统一的值（最多只能传两个序列）
        如：dict.fromkeys(['a','b','c']) 创建的字典为：{'a': None, 'b': None, 'c': None}
                dict.fromkeys(['a','b','c'],['a','b','c']) 创建的字典为：{'a': 'a', 'b': 'b', 'c': 'c'}  
        """
        """ Returns a new dict with keys from iterable and values equal to value. """
        pass

    def get(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 根据key获取值，通过索引去值得时候，若key不存在，出错 """  
        """ D.get(k[,d]) -> D[k] if k in D, else d.  d defaults to None. """
        pass

    def items(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        获取所有元素
        如：info = {"a" : "a","b","b"}
                for k, v in info.items():
        """
        """ D.items() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's items """
        pass

    def keys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        "" 获取所有的key """
        """ D.keys() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's keys """
        pass

    def pop(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 获取并在字典中移除，返回移除的key对应的value，如果key不存在，则返回d，d默认空，可指定值 """
        """
        D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.
        If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised
        """
        pass

    def popitem(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 获取并在字典中移除（随机移除一个），默认移除后返回的是元祖（k,v）可以用k,v = dic.popitem()，返回：k v """
        """
        D.popitem() -> (k, v), remove and return some (key, value) pair as a
        2-tuple; but raise KeyError if D is empty.
        """
        pass

    def setdefault(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 如果key不存在，则创建，如果存在，则返回已存在的值且不修改 """
        """ D.setdefault(k[,d]) -> D.get(k,d), also set D[k]=d if k not in D """
        pass

    def update(self, E=None, **F): # known special case of dict.update
        """
        存在更新key对应的value，不存在，插入一个k,y对
        写法：dic.update({'k1':'v1','k2':'v2'})或者dic.update(k1='v1',k5='v5') 
        """  
        """
        D.update([E, ]**F) -> None.  Update D from dict/iterable E and F.
        If E is present and has a .keys() method, then does:  for k in E: D[k] = E[k]
        If E is present and lacks a .keys() method, then does:  for k, v in E: D[k] = v
        In either case, this is followed by: for k in F:  D[k] = F[k]
        """
        pass

    def values(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 获取所有的值 """
        """ D.values() -> an object providing a view on D's values """
        pass

    def __contains__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ True if D has a key k, else False. """
        pass

    def __delitem__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Delete self[key]. """
        pass

    def __eq__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self==value. """
        pass

    def __getattribute__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return getattr(self, name). """
        pass

    def __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """
        pass

    def __ge__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self>=value. """
        pass

    def __gt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self>value. """
        pass

    def __init__(self, seq=None, **kwargs): # known special case of dict.__init__
        """
        dict() -> new empty dictionary
        dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's
            (key, value) pairs
        dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via:
            d = {}
            for k, v in iterable:
                d[k] = v
        dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs
            in the keyword argument list.  For example:  dict(one=1, two=2)
        # (copied from class doc)
        """
        pass

    def __iter__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Implement iter(self). """
        pass

    def __len__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return len(self). """
        pass

    def __le__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self<=value. """
        pass

    def __lt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self<value. """
        pass

    @staticmethod # known case of __new__
    def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature. """
        pass

    def __ne__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self!=value. """
        pass

    def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return repr(self). """
        pass

    def __setitem__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Set self[key] to value. """
        pass

    def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ D.__sizeof__() -> size of D in memory, in bytes """
        pass

    __hash__ = None

 

7、集合（无序）

set集合，是一个无序且不重复的元素集合

使用：frozenset('hello')定义，不可变集合

集合的元素遵循三个原则:

1.每个元素必须是不可变类型(可hash，可作为字典的key)

2.没有重复的元素

3.无序

class set(object):
    """
    set() -> new empty set object
    set(iterable) -> new set object
    
    Build an unordered collection of unique elements.
    """
    def add(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ 添加元素 """
        """
        Add an element to a set.
        
        This has no effect if the element is already present.
        """
        pass

    def clear(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ 清空所有元素 """
        """ Remove all elements from this set. """
        pass

    def copy(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ 浅拷贝 """ 
        """ Return a shallow copy of a set. """
        pass

    def difference(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ 求差集同- 如：set1 - set2 """
        """
        Return the difference of two or more sets as a new set.
        
        (i.e. all elements that are in this set but not the others.)
        """
        pass

    def difference_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ 求差集更新set1，相当于：set1 = set1 - set2 """
        """ Remove all elements of another set from this set. """
        pass

    def discard(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ 删除指定元素，指定元素不存在也不报错 """
        """
        Remove an element from a set if it is a member.
        
        If the element is not a member, do nothing.
        """
        pass

    def intersection(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ 求交集用&也可以，set1 & set2 """
        """
        Return the intersection of two sets as a new set.
        
        (i.e. all elements that are in both sets.)
        """
        pass

    def intersection_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ 求交集用并更新set1，相当于：set1 = set1 - set2 """
        """ Update a set with the intersection of itself and another. """
        pass

    def isdisjoint(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ 两个set没有交集，返回True """
        """ Return True if two sets have a null intersection. """
        pass

    def issubset(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ 是否是子集：相当于：set1 <= set2 """
        """ Report whether another set contains this set. """
        pass

    def issuperset(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ 是否是父集集：相当于：set1 >= set2 """
        """ Report whether this set contains another set. """
        pass

    def pop(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ 随机删除一个，如果set是空，则抛错 """
        """
        Remove and return an arbitrary set element.
        Raises KeyError if the set is empty.
        """
        pass

    def remove(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ 删除指定元素，如果指定的元素不存在，则抛错 """
        """
        Remove an element from a set; it must be a member.
        
        If the element is not a member, raise a KeyError.
        """
        pass

    def symmetric_difference(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ 交叉补集：获取两个集合中不同的元素，组成的集合，同^，如：set1 ^ set2 """
        """
        Return the symmetric difference of two sets as a new set.
        
        (i.e. all elements that are in exactly one of the sets.)
        """
        pass

    def symmetric_difference_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ 交叉补集并更新，同^，如：set1 = set1 ^ set2 """
        """ Update a set with the symmetric difference of itself and another. """
        pass

    def union(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ 求并集同 | 如：set1 | set2 """
        """
        Return the union of sets as a new set.
        
        (i.e. all elements that are in either set.)
        """
        pass

    def update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ 更新 """
        """ Update a set with the union of itself and others. """
        pass

    def __and__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self&value. """
        pass

    def __contains__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x. """
        pass

    def __eq__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self==value. """
        pass

    def __getattribute__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return getattr(self, name). """
        pass

    def __ge__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self>=value. """
        pass

    def __gt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self>value. """
        pass

    def __iand__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self&=value. """
        pass

    def __init__(self, seq=()): # known special case of set.__init__
        """
        set() -> new empty set object
        set(iterable) -> new set object
        
        Build an unordered collection of unique elements.
        # (copied from class doc)
        """
        pass

    def __ior__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self|=value. """
        pass

    def __isub__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self-=value. """
        pass

    def __iter__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Implement iter(self). """
        pass

    def __ixor__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self^=value. """
        pass

    def __len__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return len(self). """
        pass

    def __le__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self<=value. """
        pass

    def __lt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self<value. """
        pass

    @staticmethod # known case of __new__
    def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature. """
        pass

    def __ne__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self!=value. """
        pass

    def __or__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self|value. """
        pass

    def __rand__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return value&self. """
        pass

    def __reduce__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return state information for pickling. """
        pass

    def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return repr(self). """
        pass

    def __ror__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return value|self. """
        pass

    def __rsub__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return value-self. """
        pass

    def __rxor__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return value^self. """
        pass

    def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes """
        pass

    def __sub__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self-value. """
        pass

    def __xor__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self^value. """
        pass

    __hash__ = None

 

其他

1、for循环

用户按照顺序循环可迭代对象中的内容，

PS：break、continue

1 2 3

li = [11,22,33,44] for item in li:     print item

2、enumrate

为可迭代的对象添加序号

1 2 3

li = [11,22,33] for k,v in enumerate(li, 1):     print(k,v)

3、range

指定范围，生成指定的数字

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

print range(1, 10) # 结果：[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]   print range(1, 10, 2) # 结果：[1, 3, 5, 7, 9]   print range(30, 0, -2) # 结果：[30, 28, 26, 24, 22, 20, 18, 16, 14, 12, 10, 8, 6, 4, 2]