BEC写作

 

写作部分

BEC HIGHER写作部分主要涉及商业信函和图表写作两部分的内容，现具体介绍如下：

商业信函

第一章 格式问题

1. 格式问题：
请同学们在BEC的写作中采用平头式的写法。
收信人的姓名和地址置于信纸的左上方
地址、称呼和结束礼词后没有标点符号
日期在右上方
段落从定格开始，段落之间的行距为两行（但在考试中由于受答题卡限制，请同学们酌情考虑）
写信人的名字和头衔在签名下方

2. 称呼和结束礼词的注意事项：

称呼的写法遵循下列原则：
Dear Sir or Madam 写信给某一公司，不确定具体的收信人
Dear Sir 对男士，但是你不知道他的具体姓名
Dear Madam 对女士，但是你不知道他的具体姓名
Dear Mr Smith 对男士
Dear Ms Smith 对已婚或未婚的女士
Dear Mrs Smith 对已婚女士
Dear Miss Smith 对未婚女士
Dear John (此处John 为英语中常用男名) 对朋友或你比较熟悉的人（通常为多年生意伙伴）

称呼与结束礼词存在对应的关系，请同学们特别注意：
Dear Sir or Madam Yours faithfully
Dear Mr/Ms/Mrs/Miss Smith Yours sincerely
Dear John Best wishes

以下均为错误用法：
Dear Mr John
Dear Mr John Smith

3. 日期：
在英国英语中，天在前，但是在美国英语中，月份在前。所以某些特别的时期容易引起误解。例如：12 06 2003

在英国指的是：6月21日
在美国指的是：12月6日

因此日期要写成：12 June 2003

注释：在bec考试中同学们可以采用恩波所推荐的用法。但是12 06 2003 的用法仍然是可以使用的，因为bec为英版考试。

在使用恩波推荐的用法时，要记住月份使用大些字母开头。天后不必写th、rd、nd或者st。

第二章 写法问题

预备参加bec考试的同学们由于缺乏商务写作的实际经验，对于写作部分都比较郁闷。恩波结合历年考试实际，为大家准备了15类共计50个经典的实战句型，供大家在考场上使用。我们对每一个句型都模拟了一种环境：

1. 信件的开头：
We are writing to enquire about…
We are writing in connection with…
We are interested in … and we would like to know…
环境：
You want to know the prices of some air conditioners.
We are interested in your air conditioner and we would like to know the prices of some air conditioners.
You saw an advertisement in the newspaper yesterday and you want further information.
We are writing in connection with the advertisement in the newspaper yesterday.
You want to know if the company you are writing to organizes holidays to Africa.
We are writing to inquire about the holidays to Africa that your company organizes.

2. 回信的开头：
Thank you for your letter of (date)

We have received your letter of (date) asking if …
enquiring about …
enclosing …
concerning …
环境：
A company wrote to you on 23 July. They wanted to know if you sell photocopiers.
Thank you for your letter of 23 July, asking if we sell photocopiers.
A man wrote to you on 18 December. He wanted employment with your company. He also sent his curriculum vitae.
We have received your letter of 18 December, enclosing your curriculum vitae.
A company sent you a fax on 3 June. They wanted to know if you were going to the marketing conference in London.
Thank you for your fax of 3 June, asking if I was going to the marketing conference in London.
A woman telephoned you this morning. She wanted to know if her order No. 599 had arrived.
Thank you for your telephone call this morning concerning the order No. 599.

3. 信件的结尾：
一般结尾：
I look forward to receiving your reply/order/products/ect.
Looking forward to hearing from you.

如果你在信件中提供了信息：
I hope that this information will help you.
Please contact me if you need any further information.
Please feel free to contact me if you have any further questions.
Please let me know if you need any further information.

4. 引入主题：
With reference to …
Further to …
With regard to …
I am writing in connection with …
注：引入主题的句子可以被写在信件的开头，但with regard to 不能用于信件的开头。
环境：(how would you start a letter about each of the following?)
an invoice (No. 679) for a photocopier
With reference to Invoice No. 679, we regret to tell you that the product arrived in bad condition.
a meeting you had with the addressee on Jan. 16th
Further to the meeting on 16 January, I am delighted to tell you  that we are now able to give you a special offer for our Peach Series computer.
an advertisement in the times newspaper
I am writing in connection with the advertisement in the times newspaper yesterday.
an application for a post as secretary in your company
I am writing in connection with your application for a post as secretary in our company.
a fax order for six computers that you received today
with reference to your fax order for six computer, I regret to tell you that they are out of stock at present.

5. 告知好、坏消息：
好消息：
I am pleased
delighted
happy to tell
inform
advise you that …

坏消息：
I regret
am sorry to tell
inform
advise you that …
We regret that …

环境：（complete these sentences using phrases for referring and giving good or bad news.）
a. ___________________________ your order for some cupboards, _____________________ we have had to increase the price.

b. ____________________________ your application for a post as secretary, ______________________________ that we would like you to start work as soon as possible.

c. _________________________________ your application for a post as secretary, ______________________________ that you were not successful.

d. _________________________________ our telephone conversation this morning, ______________________________ that your car is now ready for you to collect.

6. 说明你所能做的和不能做的：
We are unable to …
We are able to …
We have been forced to …
环境：
You cannot lower your prices.
We regret that we are unable to reduce out prices.
You have had to raise your prices because the government has increased the sales tax.
We have been forced to raise our prices because the government has increased the sales tax.
However, you can give them a discount of 5% if their order is for more than $8,000.
We are able to give you a discount of 5% if your order is more than $8,000.
With regard to their second question, you cannot accept payment in Egyptian pounds but you can accept US dollars or Euros.
We are sorry that we are unable to accept payments in Egyptian pounds but we are able to accept US dollars or Euros.

7. 说明原因：
This is  owing to …
due to …
a result of …
because of …
注：owing to 通常用于不好的消息。如果想在原因中使用动词，请加上the fact that的从句。
环境：
increase prices --- fall of the dollar
We have been force to increase our prices. This is owing to the fall of the dollar.

Delay the delivery of the goods --- strike by airline pilots
We have been forced to delay the delivery of the goods. This is owing to the strike by airline pilots.

Increase all salaries by 10% --- rise in sales
We are able to increase all salaries by 10%. This is the result of a big rise in sales.

Cut all salaries by 10% --- fall in sales
We have been forced to cut all salaries by 10%. This is due to the fact that there has been a fall in sales in the past ten months.

Cannot deliver your new order --- we have not received your payment fro the last order
We regret that we are unable to deliver your new order immediately. This is owing to the fact that we have not received your payment for the last order.

Cancel the meeting --- a lot of staff have been ill
We have been forced to cancel the meeting. This is because some members of our staff have been ill.

8. 请求采取行动：
Please could you …
We would be grateful if you could …
We would be appreciate it if you could … as soon as possible.
without delay.
immediately.
注：please could you … 是最直接的方式。在要求一些一般性的事情时，可以使用这种表达。
环境：
You have seen an advertisement in the newspaper for a post as office manger. You want an application form.
I would appreciate it if you could send me an application form.
The photocopier in your office has broken down. You want to have it repaired, quickly.
We would be grateful if you could send a repairman to fix our photocopier as soon as possible.
You have moved your office and you want the post office to forward your letters to your new address.
Please could you forward my letters to my new address.
You want the telephone company to put another telephone in your office. You need it urgently.
We would appreciate it if you could put another telephone in our office immediately.
You have written to a company and you want them to reply quickly.
I would be grateful if you could give us a reply quickly.

9. 抱歉：
We must apologize for …
We apologize for …
We are extremely sorry for …
注：以上句型后请使用动词ing形式。
以上句型中的for可以换成that，然后用从句表达。
一般来说，解释产生问题的原因，然后在信的结尾处再次表达歉意。

再次抱歉：
Please accept our apologies once again.
We hope that this has not caused you any inconvenience.
With apologies once again.

10. 要求提供信息：
Please could you
We would be grateful if you could
We would appreciate it if you could give us further details about ..
inform us (about/if) …
let us know ( about/if ) …
We would like to know ( about/if ) …
注：如果需要特别重要的信息，可以在以上句型前使用：in particular。
环境：
You wrote a letter to someone and they haven’t replied. You want to know if they received the letter.
We would be grateful if you could let us know if the letter has reached you.
A businessman is going to your country. He wants you to get a visa for him. You need all the details about his passport (his nationality, date of birth, where his passport was issued, and when it expires).
Please could you give details about your passport. I would like to know your nationality, date of birth, where your passport was issued and when it expires.
You want to know about the same businessman’s flight (flight number, date and time of arrival).
In particular, I would like to know your flight number, date and time of arrival.

11. 轻度抱怨：
Unfortunately, + 表示 something is wrong 的句子
环境：
A company has sent you a bill for the wrong goods.
Unfortunately you sent us a bill for the wrong goods. Please could you send us a correct bill as soon as possible.
Your new photocopier has broken down. You have to write to the company who sold it to you.
Unfortunately our new photocopier has broken down. Please could you send a repairman to fix it for us as soon as possible.
Two temporary secretaries do not speak English. You have to write to the agency who sent them to you.
Unfortunately two temporary secretaries you recommended to us do not speak English. We would be grateful if you could recommend two more who could speak English.
You keep receiving letters for someone else. You have to write to the post office.
Unfortunately I keep receiving letters for someone else. Please could you make the address clear before you deliver letters every day.

12. 提醒某人对某事的注意：
I should like to draw your attention to (the fact that)…
I should like to point out that …

如果你提醒的事情对方已经知道（你想表达你的生气）：
I should like to remind you that…
I hope that it is not necessary to remind you that …
环境：
One of your staff keeps parking his car in front of the main door, the space which is reserved for the MD.
I should like to remind you that the space in front of the main door is reserved for the MD.
Someone is interested in purchasing a large quantity of your simplex cameras. Tell him about 25% discount for large orders.
I should like t draw your attention to the fact that we offer about 25% discount for larger orders.
One of your staff arrives half an hour late for work every day. (She should start at 9.30.)
I hope that it is not necessary to remind you that work start at 9: 30 every day.
Someone is interested in your products. Tell him that you guarantee that your prices are the largest in the country.
I should like to point out that we guarantee that all prices are the lowest in the country.

13. 要求某人采取行动：
We must insist that …DO… （DO指动词原型）
注：请注意这一句型和句型8的区别。
环境：
We must insist that you deliver the goods immediately.

14. 警告：
Unless…
If…(not)… We will be forced to …
环境：(What warnings would you give these people?)
A company that has not paid your bill
Unless you pay the bill, we will be forced to take legal actions.
Another company that is using your company’s car park
If you do not move your car away from our park, we will be forced to turn to the police.
An employee who always arrives late for work
Unless you come to work on time, we will be forced to fire you.
A builder who has left a lot of their tools in your office
If you do not take your tools from our office, we will be forced to throw them away.

15. 强烈抱怨：
注：
强烈抱怨遵循以下步骤：
a. 阐述发生的问题：it is now over nine months since we placed this order and we are still waiting for the cabinets.
b. 使用句型12：I should like to point out that we have already paid for these cabinets.
c. 使用句型 13：we must insist that you deliver them immediately.
d. 使用句型14：unless we hear from you within 7 days we will take legal action.

第三章 写作后的检查（包括图表写作）

检查的四个主要方面：

1.标点符号：
完全禁用的符号：
：“” 《》。

2.拼写：
双写辅音
y改成复数

3.语法：
主谓一致
冠词
次序
介词
时态
漏词

4.可能导致信息表达不清的因素：
太长的段落
太长的句子
运用不常使用的词汇
一次包含太多的信息
信息不完整
信息顺序混乱

图表作文

对于线性图表的描述
上升
1. 对于上升趋势的描述：
a. 可以使用的动词或动词词组：
to increase
to go up
to rise
to grow
to jump
to leap
to soar
to shoot
to pick up

b. 可以使用的名词：
an increase
a growth
a jump
a soar
an upward trend

2. 对于上升到某个位置的描述：
a. 1. a. 中的动词＋to＋具体数据。
b. 1. a. 中的动词＋to＋the peak of＋具体数据。
c. 1. a. 中的动词＋reaching the peak of +具体数据。
d. 1. a. 中的动词＋reaching + 具体数据。
e. to peak at ＋ 具体数据
f. to climb to + 具体数据

3. 对于上升的程度的描述：
a. 1. a. 中的动词＋by ＋ 具体数据。
b. 1. a. 中的动词＋副词。（见

下降
1. 对于下降趋势的描述：
a. 可以使用的动词或动词词组：
to fall
to decrease
to go down
to slide
to collapse
to decline
to drop
b. 可以使用的名词：
a collapse
a decrease
a fall
a decline
a drop

2. 对于下降到某个位置的描述：
a. 1. a. 中的动词＋to＋具体数据。
b. 1. a. 中的动词＋to＋the bottom of＋具体数据。
c. 1. a. 中的动词＋reaching the bottom of +具体数据。
d. 1. a. 中的动词＋reaching + 具体数据。

3. 对于下降程度的描述：
a. 1. a. 中的动词＋by ＋ 具体数据。
b. 1. a. 中的动词＋副词。

对于平稳的趋势的描述，可以使用的动词或动词词组：
to hardly change
to have little change
to keep steady
to level off
to remain constant
to stay the same

表示程度的副词：
1. 程度较大：
considerably
dramatically
greatly
markedly
obviously
quickly
rapidly
sharply
significantly
suddenly
2. 程度较小：
slightly
gradually
slowly
steadily

时间的嵌入
嵌入时间时所使用的介词和介词词组：
in
from……to……
between…….and……
during……and……
at the start of ……
by the end of ……
over ……
at the end of ……
throughout ……
时间’s + 具体数据

上升和下降趋势的组合描述（嵌入了时间和程度之后）：
1. 先上升后下降的句型：
...... increased slowly during…… and …… but fell sharply in …….
A steady fall in …… during …… and …… followed the sharp increase in …….

2. 先下降后上升的句型：
…… fell before …… began to make a recovery ……
…… continue the recovery, climbing to ……
…… dropped during …… but increased again in ……
…… fell and then pick up during ……
…… collapsed before rising to ……at the end of ……

3. 起伏波动的句型：
…… fluctuated sharply all through ……

4. 波动不大的句型：
…… hardly changed through the period between ……and ……

柱状图形的描述

转换为线形图形的描述

饼状图形的描述

对于百分比进行描述所使用的句型：
…… % the …… is/has/have/are ……
…… accounts for ……% of the total
…… takes up ……% in the whole chart

趋势的比较

1. 表示相似的句型 (实例) ：
Both share prices rose sharply in January.
Neither company has made a profit yet.
Like X, Y fell in June.
X rose just as sharply as Y.

2. 表示差异的句型（实例）：
X fell sharply whereas/while Y remained steady.
X fell quickly compared to Y.
Unlike Y, X rose by 10%.
X rose far more dramatically than Y.

3. 表示倍数的句型：
the …… doubled/tripled in …… compared with those in ……

4. 客观比较的句型：
…… is …… in contrast to ……

数据的修饰

1. 表示不足的词或词组：
up to
below
under
almost
nearly

2. 表示超过的词或词组：
over
more than
just over

3. 表示大约的词：
about

学生用书词汇总结

Unit One a
Management consultancy: 管理顾问
Pie chart 馅饼图
Feedback 反馈信息
Schedule 制定计划
Comply  遵从按照别人的命令、要求、规矩或希望去做
Specify 详细说明
Workset
Allocate 分配，配给，分派为特定目的而拨出；指定
Replace 取代
Static 固定的 static job
Dynamic  (工作)效率高的
Short-term 短期的
Interpret 解释
Approach   v.tr 着手开始处理或工作
Make up 组成
Abreast  adv. 并肩地, 并排地 （keep abreast of… 随时了解）
Assess 评价；评估
Performance 表现；业绩；
Re-align  重新调整；采用新的工作安排
Prescribed 指定的
Specification 详细说明书；规格
Initiate 开始展开最初的工作；开始
Peak occupancy 客流高峰时宾馆饭店的住房率
Incidental 附带的
Undertaking  n. 任务；承担的任务；事业
Revise 修正, 修改
Managerial  adj.管理的
Leisure group 娱乐业公司
Recommend推荐, 介绍
Perception （对于某事物的）理解，见解，看法
Assign分配, 指派
Motivate激励
Expectation期望（指商业活动中的既定目标）
Explicitly明白地, 明确地
Staff全体职员，员工
In terms of根据, 按照, 用...的话, 在...方面
Compatible谐调的, 一致的, 兼容的
In-company training 企业内部的培训（通常以在职的方式进行）
Behavioral
Attribute某人某物的属性或特征
Applicant请求人, 申请人; 报名者
Screen初选，遴选（一种初步的审查和筛选人员的程序，以决定他们是否适应某一特定工作）

Unit One b
Competitive 竞争的
Marry…with… 将…与…相结合
Start-up （项目的）启动；（公司或企业的）创建
Hierarchical等级制度的
Entrepreneurial 与企业有关的
Responsive  （常与to连用）反应的；表示回答的；易反应的
Ever-increasing 前所未有的
Sizeable相当大的, 大的
Responsiveness
Inherent固有的, 内在的
Define定义, 详细说明
Standardization标准化
Sequential连续的, 有顺序的
Authority （上级赋予下级的）职权
Motivation （促使员工工作的）动力
Hamper妨碍, 牵制
Flexibility弹性；灵活性
Complex复杂的
Complexity复杂(性)
Co-ordinate（使）互相配合；（使）协调， 调整
Fast-cycle （经营）快速运转的
Decision-maker 决策者
Real-time 实时的
Evaluate 评估
Refine 使……达到最佳状态
Monitoring监视； 控制； 监测
On behalf of 代表
Accomplish 完成
Departmentalize把...分为各部门
Goal-oriented
Back-up备份；支援
Project-oriented
Suitability合适, 适当, 相配, 适宜性
Home-based
Sufficiently 十分地, 充分地

Practice
Ambiguity 含糊, 不明确
Highlight 说明
Clarify澄清, 阐明
Implement 贯彻；实现；执行
Pilot试验性的；为将来的发展做尝试性范例的
Productively：有效地
Commute每天（乘火车）往返上班；定期往返于两地间

Unit Two a
NASDAQ <美>全国证券交易商自动报价系统协会
Dividend 股息, 红利
P/E
Volume （工商业的）额，量
Break-even 收支平衡的
Break even 得失相当
Over-pricing 定价过高

Unit Two b
Plummeting 直线下降的
Accelerate 加速
Globalization 全球化
Desperately 拼命地；不顾一切地, 孤注一掷地
Dominate 支配, 占优势；控制
Inflated 通货膨胀的；（股价存在）泡沫的，价格过高的
Consortium 社团, 协会, 联盟, (国际)财团
Deregulation 违反规定, 反常
Over-capacity
Diversify 多样性
Inject 注入
Pharmaceutical 医药的
Portfolio 一组投资
Risk-free 零风险的
Destabilizing 不稳定的
Projected  预计的，想要达到的
Integrate 整合
Redundancy
Payroll 薪水册
Duplicated 重复的
Distribution channel 销售渠道

Practice
Broker 经纪人
Commission 佣金
Listing  清单, 列表
Floatation (公债等的)发行; 为开办企业筹款; 筹资开办
Capitalization 资本化, 股本, 资本总额
Counterbid 还价

Unit Three a
Design-led 强调设计的
Home accessory 家用配件
Reputation 声誉
Originality 独创性；创意
Enclose 随信附寄
Mail order 邮购
Interior designer 室内设计师
Popularity 普及, 流行
Rebook

Unit Three b
Amount to 总计
Be acknowledged to 被公认为……
Telecommunication 电信
Financial services 金融服务
Aviation 航空
Environmental 环境的
Substantial 重要的、有价值的
Profile
Rarity 稀有
Literature 印刷品
Mailshot  邮寄广告
Congestion 交通堵塞
Hospitality 热情好客

Practice:
With reference to 关于
Forthcoming 即将到来的
Showcase (商店或博物馆的玻璃)陈列橱；商业演出

Team-building 团队的打造
Joint venture 合资企业

Unit Four a
As good as it gets 尽善尽美
Pager  BP机
Pinpoint 精确地指出
Vacancy 空额，空缺，空职
Submit 提交
Hotdesking
Overtax 课税过重, 使负担过度
Social obligation
Courtesy 谦恭,礼貌
Employee loyalty 员工忠诚度
CV履历, 简历（curriculum vitae）
Self-employed 从事自由职业的
Erosion 逐渐的消失
Centralize 集中

Unit Four b
Transformation  改革, 转换
Undergo 经历；进行
Reliability 可靠性
Operating efficiency
Customer interaction
Ingredient 成分, 因素
Analyze 分析
Personalize 使……人性化
Offering 提供的服务
Anticipate 预期, 期望；预见
Optimize 优化
Vendor 卖方；销售商
Sales forecast 销售情况预测
Inventory 详细目录, 存货, 财产清册, 总量
Delivery 运输
Productivity 生产力
Account enquiry
Invoice 发票
Transaction 交易
Margin

Practice:
Team spirit 团队精神
Confidential work 涉及保密的工作
Workstation 工作站，包括计算机或计算机终端
Flexible working 弹性工作制
Win-win 双赢的
Premise  (企业, 机构等使用的)房屋连地基
Terminal 终端
Intranet 企业内部互联网
Retail 零售
Initially 开始，最初
Tentative 试验性的；暂定的

Unit Five a
Frustrate 挫败, 阻挠, 使感到灰心, 阻止
Bewilder 使迷惑, 使不知所措, 使昏乱
Psychological 精神上的
Fire up
Reengage
With gusto 饶有兴趣地
Intrinsical 本质的, 固有的
Job enrichment 通过一定手段使得员工对自己的工作更感兴趣
Job rotation 轮班制度
Ongoing 正在进行的
Foster 培养, 鼓励
Outdoor assault course
Predatory competitor 非常强大的竞争对手
Astute 机敏的
Repackage 重新包装
Perpetuation 永存, 不朽
Incompetence 无竞争力
Paradox 似非而是的论点, 自相矛盾的话；自相矛盾

Unit Five b
Internal recruitment 内部征召
Headhunting 猎头
Exemplify 例证, 例示, 作为...例子
Compile 编译, 编辑
Niche  (适合个人性格、能力等的)适当的位置, 恰当的处所
Be feed up with 厌烦
Tricks up one’s sleeve
Deduction 推论, 演绎
Adjacent 附近的
Forum 论坛
Shortlist 供最后挑选(或考虑)用的候选人名单；最后挑选
Exposure

Practice
Questionnaire 问卷调查表
Undervalue 低估
Spontaneous 自发的, 自然产生的
Cost-effective

Unit Six a
Cornerstone 基础
Retain 保持, 保留
Vitality 生命力, 活力
Optimistic 乐观的
Exaggerate 夸张；夸大
Simplicity 简单, 简易, 朴素, 直率
Humility 谦卑
Thrift 节俭, 节约
Complicated 复杂的
Enthusiasm 积极性
Flexibility 灵活性
Unpretentious 不骄傲的, 谦逊的
Flashy 华而不实的；庸俗而华丽的
Renew 更新, 重新开始
Norm 模范; 典型；标准, 规范; 准则
Impulse 动力
Professional 专业人员；专业的, 职业的
Initiative 首创精神
Rebuke 斥责, 指责
Follow up 穷追, 把...探究到底, 用继续行动来加强效果
Synonymous 同义的
Perceptiveness 理解力
Nationality 国籍

Unit Six b
Hyper-competitive 高度竞争的
Framework 构架, 框架, 结构
Value system 价值观
Methodology 方法学, 方法论
Intrigue 激起...的兴趣
Remuneration 报酬
Workforce reduction 裁减员工
Reveal 展现, 显示, 揭示, 暴露
Underlying value 根本的, 潜在的
Multinational 多国籍公司, 跨国公司
Prerequisite 先决条件
Dilemma 进退两难的局面, 困难的选择
Rationale 基本原理
Cross-culture 跨文化的
Seminar 研究会, 讨论发表会
Entertain 使……娱乐
Ultimately 最终
Elite 精英
Criteria 前提
In contrast 相比而言
Seniority 资历
Discharge 解雇

Practice:
Accountancy 会计师之职, 会计学
Shareholder 股东

Unit Seven a
Brewery 酿酒厂
Espionage 间谍

Infiltration 秘密潜入
Paranoid 多疑的
In relation to 关于, 涉及, 与…相比
Disgruntled 不满的, 不高兴的
Resort to 诉诸于, 采取
Shady 可疑的；秘密的
Surveillance 监视, 监督
Perpetrator 犯罪者, 作恶者
Infiltrate秘密地潜入

Unit Seven b
Give weight to重视
Philanthropy 慈善事业

Unit Eight a
Geographical地理上的
Economy of scale 规模经济
Imply 暗示
All-round全面的；多才多艺的；全能的
Energizer抗抑制剂；情绪兴奋剂
Formula公式, 规则, 客套语
Long-established 多年从事经营的；开办很久的
Surpass超越, 胜过
Transcend超越, 胜过
Robust健康运行的
Pasta意大利面制品, 意大利面食(包括通心粉及面条等)
Sophistication 挑剔
Be geared to （towards）适合
Entity实体；整体
Homogeneous同类的, 相似的
Detergent 洗涤剂
Innovation 发明
Rival 对手；竞争

Unit Eight b
Exceptionally 非常地；极端地
Account for说明, 占
Modest普通的；一般般的
Satisfactory 满意的
Workmanship 制作工艺
Conform to符合, 遵照
PR 公共关系
Implication 暗示
Exclusive唯一的, 高级的
Versatile通用的, 万能的, 多才多艺的, 多面手的
Short notice
Extensively广阔地
Manual labor 手工劳动
Inflexibility 不灵活性；呆板
Garment衣服, 外衣
Collaboration协作
Alliance联盟, 联合