重载与多态

一、概念

重载:函数名相同,但是函数参数不同。调用时根据参数的不同决定调用哪一个函数

多态:函数名相同,函数形参也相同。调用时根据函数类型是虚函数还是普通成员函数决定调用哪一个

重写:若子类和父类的某个函数具有相同的函数名,相同的形参列表,且父类中的函数被定义为虚函数,则子类对该函数的实现被称为函数的重写

二、重载

1.函数重载

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class chongZ
{
public:
 void print(int i) {
  cout << "重载1" << i << endl;
 }
 void print(double  j) {
  cout << "重载2 " << j << endl;
 }
 void print(char c[]) {
  cout << "重载3 " << c << endl;
 }
};
int main()
{
 chongZ CZ;
 CZ.print(5);
 CZ.print(123.456);
 char c[] = "CHONGZZAI";
 CZ.print(c);
 return 0;
}

 

运行结果:

 

2.运算符重载

其语法形式为:

返回类型 operator 运算符(形参表)

{

函数体

}

仿照该语法形式重载“++”运算符

1 Point operator +(const Point& A ,const Point& B) {
2      return Point(A.x + B.x, A.y + B.y);
3  }

该重载运算符的作用是让A,B中的x,y相加,放入程序中运行:

 

1 #include<iostream>
 2 using namespace std;
 3 
 4 struct Point {
 5     int x, y;
 6     Point(int x = 0, int y = 0) :x(x), y(y) {};
 7 };
 8 
 9 Point operator +(const Point& A ,const Point& B) {
10     return Point(A.x + B.x, A.y + B.y);
11 }
12 ostream& operator << (ostream& out, const Point& p) {
13     out << "(" << p.x << "," << p.y << ")";
14     return out;
15 }
16 int main()
17 {
18     Point a, b(1, 2);
19     a.x = 3;
20     cout << a + b << "\n";
21     return 0;
22 }

运行结果:

 

 

 实现了(1,2)和(3,0)相加。

对于前置单目运算符,重载函数没有形参,对于后置单目运算符,重载函数有一个int型形参,如以下程序中:

#include <iostream>
using namespce std;

class Point
{
public:
Point& operator++();
Point operator++(int);
Point& operator--();
Point operator--(int);
Point() { _x = _y = 0; }
int x() { return _x; }
int y() { return _y; }
private:
int _x, _y;
};
Point& Point::operator++()
{
_x++;
_y++;
return *this;
}
Point Point::operator++(int)
{
Point temp = *this;
++*this;
return temp;
}
Point& Point::operator--()
{
_x--;
_y--;
return *this;
}
Point Point::operator--(int)
{
Point temp = *this;
--*this;
return temp;
}
void main()
{
Point A;
cout << "A 的值为:" << A.x() << " , " << A.y() << endl;
A++;
cout << "A 的值为:" << A.x() << " , " << A.y() << endl;
++A;
cout << "A 的值为:" << A.x() << " , " << A.y() << endl;
A--;
cout << "A 的值为:" << A.x() << " , " << A.y() << endl;
--A;
cout << "A 的值为:" << A.x() << " , " << A.y() << endl;
}

 

以同时重载前缀和后缀的形式对Point类“++”,“--”运算符进行重载

三、多态

相较于重载来说,函数名相同,函数形参也相同的叫多态。在基类的函数前加上virtual关键字,在派生类中重写该函数,运行时将会根据对象的实际类型来调用相应的函数。即对象类型是派生类,就调用派生类的函数;对象类型是基类,就调用基类的函数。

如课后题8-6

编写一个抽象类Shape,在此基础上派生出类Rectangle和Circle,二者都有计算对象面积的函数getArea()、计算对象周长的函数getPerim()

 1 #include <iostream>
 2 using namespace std;
 3 
 4 class Shape
 5 {
 6 public:
 7 Shape(){}
 8 ~Shape(){}
 9 virtual float GetArea() =0 ;                  //纯虚函数,抽象类就是具有纯虚函数的类
10 virtual float GetPerim () =0 ;
11 };
12 class Circle : public Shape
13 {
14 public:
15 Circle(float radius):itsRadius(radius){}
16 ~Circle(){}
17 float GetArea() {
18  return 3.14 * itsRadius * itsRadius;
19  }
20 float GetPerim () { 
21 return 6.28 * itsRadius; 
22 }
23 private:
24 float itsRadius;
25 };
26 class Rectangle : public Shape
27 {
28 public:
29 Rectangle(float len, float width): itsLength(len), itsWidth(width){};
30 ~Rectangle(){};
31 virtual float GetArea() {                 //虚函数
32  return itsLength * itsWidth; 
33 }
34 float GetPerim () {
35  return 2 * itsLength + 2 * itsWidth; 
36 }
37 virtual float GetLength() { 
38 return itsLength; 
39 }
40 virtual float GetWidth() { 
41 return itsWidth; 
42 }
43 private:
44 float itsWidth;
45 float itsLength;
46 };
47 void main()
48 {
49 Shape * sp;
50 sp = new Circle(5);
51 cout << "The area of the Circle is " << sp->GetArea () << endl;
52 cout << "The perimeter of the Circle is " << sp->GetPerim () << endl;
53 delete sp;
54 sp = new Rectangle(46);
55 cout << "The area of the Rectangle is " << sp->GetArea() << endl;
56 cout << "The perimeter of the Rectangle is " << sp->GetPerim () << endl;
57 delete sp;
58 }

 

 

 

posted on 2019-10-26 11:41  jianW1024  阅读(496)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报

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