一、软件包管理概述
1.软件包管理含义
Redhat Package Manager 软件包管理
1.windows .exe
2.Linux .rpm
2.软件包的含义
ant-antunit-1.2-10.el7.noarch.rpm
antlr-C++-2.7.7-30.el7.x86_64.rpm
ant-antunit #软件包名称
1.2 #软件的版本
10 #软件包编译发布的次数
el7 #适用于7系列的操作系统
el6 #适用于6系列操作系统
noarch #适用于任何cpu架构
x86_64 #硬件平台 位数
.rpm #包的后缀名
3.软件包的安装方式
rpm包 预先编译好的，安装简单 版本过低
源码包 手动编译，安装繁琐 版本随意
二进制包 绿色软件 解压即用 无法修改源代码
4.软件包的获取方式
1.本地的ISO镜像 需要挂载使用
2.联网下载
3.仓库获取 yum源
二、rpm包优缺点
1.优点
1.包管理系统简单，值通过几个命令就可以实现包的安装、升级、查询和卸载
2.安装速度比源码包安装快的多
2.缺点
1.经过编译，不再可以看到源代码
2.功能选择不如源码包灵活
3.依赖性
三、rpm软件包管理工具
1.含义
rpm命令来自于英文词组”RedHat Package Manager“的缩写，中文译为红帽软件包管理器，其功能是用于在Linux系统下对软件包进行安装、卸载、查询、验证、升级等工作。
语法格式：rpm [参数] 软件包
2.常用参数
| -a |
查询所有的软件包 |
| -b或-t |
设置包装套件的完成阶段，并指定套件档的文件名称； |
| -c |
只列出组态配置文件，本参数需配合”-l”参数使用 |
| -d |
只列出文本文件，本参数需配合”-l”参数使用 |
| -e |
卸载软件包 |
| -f |
查询文件或命令属于哪个软件包 |
| -h |
安装软件包时列出标记(显示安装的进度条) |
| -i |
安装软件包 |
| -l |
显示软件包的文件列表 |
| -p |
查询指定的rpm软件包 |
| -q |
查询软件包 |
| -R |
显示软件包的依赖关系 |
| -s |
显示文件状态，本参数需配合”-l”参数使用 |
| -U |
升级软件包 |
| -v |
显示命令执行过程 |
| -vv |
详细显示指令执行过程 |
3.常用示例
3.1 挂载镜像
[root@jindada ~]# ll /dev/sr0
brw-rw---- 1 root cdrom 11, 0 Jul 27 16:29 /dev/sr0
[root@jindada ~]# ll /dev/cdrom
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 3 Jul 27 16:29 /dev/cdrom -> sr0
[root@jindada ~]# mount /dev/sr0 /mnt/
mount: /dev/sr0 is write-protected, mounting read-only
[root@jindada ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda3 98G 1.5G 97G 2% /
devtmpfs 980M 0 980M 0% /dev
tmpfs 991M 0 991M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 991M 9.6M 981M 1% /run
tmpfs 991M 0 991M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1 497M 120M 378M 25% /boot
tmpfs 199M 0 199M 0% /run/user/0
/dev/sr0 4.3G 4.3G 0 100% /mnt
[root@jindada ~]# ll /mnt/Packages/ | wc -l
4023
3.2 正常安装软件包
[root@jindada ~]# rpm -ivh /mnt/Packages/tree-1.6.0-10.el7.x86_64.rpm
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...
1:tree-1.6.0-10.el7 ################################# [100%]
3.3 查询指定的软件包是否安装
[root@jindada ~]# rpm -q tree
tree-1.6.0-10.el7.x86_64
[root@jindada ~]# rpm -q ifconfig
package ifconfig is not installed
[root@jindada ~]# rpm -q net-tools
net-tools-2.0-0.25.20131004git.el7.x86_64
3.4 显示系统已安装过的全部RPM软件包
[root@jindada ~]# rpm -qa
qemu-kvm-block-gluster-2.12.0-63.module+el8+2833+c7d6d092.x86_64
boost-atomic-1.66.0-6.el8.x86_64
gnome-session-wayland-session-3.28.1-6.el8.x86_64
grub2-tools-2.02-66.el8.x86_64
lohit-gurmukhi-fonts-2.91.2-3.el8.noarch
liberation-fonts-common-2.00.3-4.el8.noarch
policycoreutils-python-utils-2.8-16.1.el8.noarch
………………省略部分输出信息………………
3.5 显示所有已经安装的软件包
[root@jindada ~]# rpm -qa | grep tree
tree-1.6.0-10.el7.x86_64
3.6 查询某个软件的安装路径
[root@jindada ~]# rpm -ql httpd
/etc/httpd
/etc/httpd/conf
/etc/httpd/conf.d
/etc/httpd/conf.d/README
/etc/httpd/conf.d/autoindex.conf
/etc/httpd/conf.d/userdir.conf
/etc/httpd/conf.d/welcome.conf
3.7 查询相关配置文件信息
[root@jindada ~]# rpm -qc httpd
/etc/httpd/conf.d/autoindex.conf
/etc/httpd/conf.d/userdir.conf
/etc/httpd/conf.d/welcome.conf
/etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/00-base.conf
/etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/00-dav.conf
/etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/00-lua.conf
/etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/00-mpm.conf
/etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/00-proxy.conf
/etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/00-systemd.conf
/etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/01-cgi.conf
/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
/etc/httpd/conf/magic
/etc/logrotate.d/httpd
/etc/sysconfig/htcacheclean
/etc/sysconfig/httpd
3.8 查询软件包本身信息
[root@jindada ~]# rpm -qi httpd
Name : httpd
Version : 2.4.6
Release : 88.el7.centos
Architecture: x86_64
Install Date: Thu 30 Jul 2020 09:03:08 AM CST
Group : System Environment/Daemons
Size : 9817309
License : ASL 2.0
Signature : RSA/SHA256, Mon 12 Nov 2018 10:28:53 PM CST, Key ID 24c6a8a7f4a80eb5
Source RPM : httpd-2.4.6-88.el7.centos.src.rpm
Build Date : Mon 05 Nov 2018 09:48:57 AM CST
Build Host : x86-01.bsys.centos.org
Relocations : (not relocatable)
Packager : CentOS BuildSystem <http://bugs.centos.org>
Vendor : CentOS
URL : http://httpd.apache.org/
Summary : Apache HTTP Server
Description :
The Apache HTTP Server is a powerful, efficient, and extensible
web server.
3.9 使用绝对路径查询命令属于哪个软件包 前提系统已经安装这个软件
[root@jindada ~]# rpm -qf `which ping`
iputils-20160308-10.el7.x86_64
[root@jindada ~]# which ping
/usr/bin/ping
[root@jindada ~]# rpm -qf /usr/bin/ping
iputils-20160308-10.el7.x86_64
3.10 卸载某个通过RPM软件包安装的服务
[root@jindada ~]# rpm -evh cockpit
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
Cleaning up / removing...
1:cockpit-185-2.el8 ################################# [100%]
4.rpm常用依赖安装报错
4.1 现象
#rpm安装太需要依赖了，不会自动寻找依赖，需要手动下载依赖 不建议使用
#安装httpd 报错
[root@jindada ~]# rpm -ivh /mnt/Packages/httpd-2.4.6-88.el7.centos.x86_64.rpm
error: Failed dependencies:
/etc/mime.types is needed by httpd-2.4.6-88.el7.centos.x86_64
httpd-tools = 2.4.6-88.el7.centos is needed by httpd-2.4.6-88.el7.centos.x86_64
libapr-1.so.0()(64bit) is needed by httpd-2.4.6-88.el7.centos.x86_64
libaprutil-1.so.0()(64bit) is needed by httpd-2.4.6-88.el7.centos.x86_64
#根据提示安装相关依赖 报错
[root@jindada ~]# rpm -ivh /mnt/Packages/httpd-tools-2.4.6-88.el7.centos.x86_64.rpm
error: Failed dependencies:
libapr-1.so.0()(64bit) is needed by httpd-tools-2.4.6-88.el7.centos.x86_64
libaprutil-1.so.0()(64bit) is needed by httpd-tools-2.4.6-88.el7.centos.x86_64
4.2 查找依赖包
[root@jindada ~]# ll /mnt/Packages/ | grep apr
-rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 105728 Nov 29 2017 apr-1.4.8-3.el7_4.1.x86_64.rpm
-rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 192652 Nov 29 2017 apr-devel-1.4.8-3.el7_4.1.x86_64.rpm
-rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 94132 Jul 4 2014 apr-util-1.5.2-6.el7.x86_64.rpm
-rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 78072 Jul 4 2014 apr-util-devel-1.5.2-6.el7.x86_64.rpm
-rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 854420 Nov 12 2018 haproxy-1.5.18-8.el7.x86_64.rpm
4.3 安装相关依赖
[root@jindada ~]# rpm -ivh /mnt/Packages/apr-1.4.8-3.el7_4.1.x86_64.rpm
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...
1:apr-1.4.8-3.el7_4.1 ################################# [100%]
[root@jindada ~]# rpm -ivh /mnt/Packages/apr-util-1.5.2-6.el7.x86_64.rpm
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...
1:apr-util-1.5.2-6.el7 ################################# [100%]
[root@jindada ~]# rpm -ivh /mnt/Packages/httpd-tools-2.4.6-88.el7.centos.x86_64.rpm
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...
1:httpd-tools-2.4.6-88.el7.centos ################################# [100%]
4.5 再次安装httpd 报错
[root@jindada ~]# rpm -ivh /mnt/Packages/httpd-2.4.6-88.el7.centos.x86_64.rpm
error: Failed dependencies:
/etc/mime.types is needed by httpd-2.4.6-88.el7.centos.x86_64
4.6 搜索相关文件的依赖包
[root@jindada ~]# yum provides /etc/mime.types
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.ustc.edu.cn
* epel: fedora.cs.nctu.edu.tw
* extras: mirrors.aliyun.com
* updates: mirrors.ustc.edu.cn
mailcap-2.1.41-2.el7.noarch : Helper application and MIME type associations for file types
Repo : base
Matched from:
Filename : /etc/mime.types
4.7 安装依赖包
[root@jindada ~]# rpm -ivh /mnt/Packages/mailcap-2.1.41-2.el7.noarch.rpm
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...
1:mailcap-2.1.41-2.el7 ################################# [100%]
4.8 最终安装成功
[root@jindada ~]# rpm -ivh /mnt/Packages/httpd-2.4.6-88.el7.centos.x86_64.rpm
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...
1:httpd-2.4.6-88.el7.centos ################################# [100%]
[root@jindada ~]#
5.联网安装软件包
[root@jindada ~]# rpm -ivh https://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7.8.2003/os/x86_64/Packages/tree-1.6.0-10.el7.x86_64.rpm
Retrieving https://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7.8.2003/os/x86_64/Packages/tree-1.6.0-10.el7.x86_64.rpm
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...
1:tree-1.6.0-10.el7 ################################# [100%]
6.升级安装
6.1 安装
[root@jindada ~]# rpm -ivh https://mirrors.aliyun.com/zabbix/zabbix/4.0/rhel/7/x86_64/zabbix-agent-4.0.0-2.el7.x86_64.rpm
Retrieving https://mirrors.aliyun.com/zabbix/zabbix/4.0/rhel/7/x86_64/zabbix-agent-4.0.0-2.el7.x86_64.rpm
warning: /var/tmp/rpm-tmp.jseg5b: Header V4 RSA/SHA512 Signature, key ID a14fe591: NOKEY
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...
1:zabbix-agent-4.0.0-2.el7 ################################# [100%]
[root@jindada ~]# zabbix_agentd -V
zabbix_agentd (daemon) (Zabbix) 4.0.0
Revision 85308 1 October 2018, compilation time: Oct 1 2018 08:41:36
Copyright (C) 2018 Zabbix SIA
License GPLv2+: GNU GPL version 2 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>.
This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it according to
the license. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
6.2 升级
-U #升级
#升级安装
[root@jindada ~]# rpm -Uvh https://mirrors.aliyun.com/zabbix/zabbix/4.4/rhel/7/x86_64/zabbix-agent-4.4.0-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
Retrieving https://mirrors.aliyun.com/zabbix/zabbix/4.4/rhel/7/x86_64/zabbix-agent-4.4.0-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
warning: /var/tmp/rpm-tmp.e9rZWk: Header V4 RSA/SHA512 Signature, key ID a14fe591: NOKEY
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...
1:zabbix-agent-4.4.0-1.el7 ################################# [ 50%]
Cleaning up / removing...
2:zabbix-agent-4.0.0-2.el7 ################################# [100%]
[root@jindada ~]# zabbix_agentd -V
zabbix_agentd (daemon) (Zabbix) 4.4.0
Revision cfac660b25 7 October 2019, compilation time: Oct 7 2019 11:26:17
Copyright (C) 2019 Zabbix SIA
License GPLv2+: GNU GPL version 2 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>.
This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it according to
the license. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project
for use in the OpenSSL Toolkit (http://www.openssl.org/).
Compiled with OpenSSL 1.0.1e-fips 11 Feb 2013
Running with OpenSSL 1.0.1e-fips 11 Feb 2013
7.总结
-ivh #安装
-Uvh #升级
-e #卸载
-q #查询指定软件包
-qa #查询所有已经安装的软件包
-qi #查询软件包本身相关信息
-ql #查询软件包列表信息
-qc #查询软件包相关文件
-qf #查询命令属于哪个软件包 必须是绝对路径 前提本地要已经存在这个软件包
四、yum软件包管理工具
1.概述
yum命令来自于英文词组”YellowdogUpdater,Modified“的缩写，其功能是用于在Linux系统中基于RPM技术进行软件包的管理工作。yum技术通用于RHEL、CentOS、Fedora、OpenSUSE等主流系统，可以让系统管理人员交互式的自动化更新和管理软件包，实现从指定服务器自动下载、更新、删除软件包的工作。
yum软件仓库及命令能够自动处理软件依赖关系，一次性安装所需全部软件，无需繁琐的操作。
语法格式：yum [参数] 软件包
2.yum源配置目录
[root@jindada ~]# ll /etc/yum.repos.d/
total 40
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1664 Nov 23 2018 CentOS-Base.repo
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1309 Nov 23 2018 CentOS-CR.repo
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 649 Nov 23 2018 CentOS-Debuginfo.repo
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 314 Nov 23 2018 CentOS-fasttrack.repo
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 630 Nov 23 2018 CentOS-Media.repo
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1331 Nov 23 2018 CentOS-Sources.repo
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 5701 Nov 23 2018 CentOS-Vault.repo
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 951 Oct 3 2017 epel.repo
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1050 Oct 3 2017 epel-testing.repo
3.yum源获取方式
1.本地的ISO镜像
2.yum源仓库
3.联网的方式下载
4.本地yum仓库
4.yum的种类
1.base #基础源
2.epel #扩展源
3.软件官方源 # nginx zabbix docker
阿里源/清华源/中科大/163源
5.更新yum源
[root@jindada ~]# rm -rf /etc/yum.repos.d/*
[root@jindada ~]# curl -o /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo https://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/Centos-7.repo
[root@jindada ~]# curl -o /etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/epel-7.repo
[root@jindada ~]# ll /etc/yum.repos.d/
total 8
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2523 Jul 30 09:51 CentOS-Base.repo
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 664 May 11 2018 epel.repo
6.常用参数
| -h |
显示帮助信息 |
| -y |
对所有的提问都回答“yes” |
| -c |
指定配置文件 |
| -q |
安静模式 |
| -v |
详细模式 |
| -t |
检查外部错误 |
| -d |
设置调试等级（0-10） |
| -e |
设置错误等级（0-10） |
| -R |
设置yum处理一个命令的最大等待时间 |
| -C |
完全从缓存中运行，而不去下载或者更新任何头文件 |
| install |
安装rpm软件包 |
| update |
更新rpm软件包 |
| check-update |
检查是否有可用的更新rpm软件包 |
| remove |
删除指定的rpm软件包 |
| list |
显示软件包的信息 |
| search |
检查软件包的信息 |
| info |
显示指定的rpm软件包的描述信息和概要信息 |
| clean |
清理yum过期的缓存 |
| shell |
进入yum的shell提示符 |
| resolvedep |
显示rpm软件包的依赖关系 |
| localinstall |
安装本地的rpm软件包 |
| localupdate |
显示本地rpm软件包进行更新 |
| deplist |
显示rpm软件包的所有依赖关系 |
7.常见示例
显示可用的yum仓库
[root@jindada ~]# yum repolist
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.aliyun.com
* extras: mirrors.aliyun.com
* updates: mirrors.aliyun.com
repo id repo name status
!base/7/x86_64 CentOS-7 - Base - mirrors.aliyun.com 10,070
!epel/x86_64 Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 7 - x86_64 13,422
!extras/7/x86_64 CentOS-7 - Extras - mirrors.aliyun.com 412
!updates/7/x86_64 CentOS-7 - Updates - mirrors.aliyun.com 900
repolist: 24,804
显示所有的yum仓库
[root@jindada ~]# yum repolist all
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.aliyun.com
* extras: mirrors.aliyun.com
* updates: mirrors.aliyun.com
repo id repo name status
!base/7/x86_64 CentOS-7 - Base - mirrors.aliyun.com enabled: 10,070
centosplus/7/x86_64 CentOS-7 - Plus - mirrors.aliyun.com disabled
contrib/7/x86_64 CentOS-7 - Contrib - mirrors.aliyun.com disabled
!epel/x86_64 Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 7 - x86_64 enabled: 13,422
epel-debuginfo/x86_64 Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 7 - x86_64 - Debug disabled
epel-source Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 7 - x86_64 - Source disabled
!extras/7/x86_64 CentOS-7 - Extras - mirrors.aliyun.com enabled: 412
!updates/7/x86_64 CentOS-7 - Updates - mirrors.aliyun.com enabled: 900
repolist: 24,804
开启/禁用yum源
[root@jindada ~]# yum install -y yum-utils
[root@jindada ~]# yum-config-manager --disable epel
[root@jindada ~]# yum repolist all
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.aliyun.com
* extras: mirrors.aliyun.com
* updates: mirrors.aliyun.com
repo id repo name status
base/7/x86_64 CentOS-7 - Base - mirrors.aliyun.com enabled: 10,070
centosplus/7/x86_64 CentOS-7 - Plus - mirrors.aliyun.com disabled
contrib/7/x86_64 CentOS-7 - Contrib - mirrors.aliyun.com disabled
epel/x86_64 Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 7 - x86_64 disabled
epel-debuginfo/x86_64 Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 7 - x86_64 - Debug disabled
epel-source Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 7 - x86_64 - Source disabled
extras/7/x86_64 CentOS-7 - Extras - mirrors.aliyun.com enabled: 412
updates/7/x86_64 CentOS-7 - Updates - mirrors.aliyun.com enabled: 900
repolist: 11,382
[root@jindada ~]# yum-config-manager --enable epel
显示所有可安装的包
[root@jindada ~]# yum list
显示系统中已经安装的包
[root@jindada ~]# yum list installed
[root@jindada ~]# yum list | grep ^tree
tree.x86_64 1.6.0-10.el7 @base
treelayout.noarch 1.0.3-4.el7 epel
treelayout-demo.noarch 1.0.3-4.el7 epel
treelayout-javadoc.noarch 1.0.3-4.el7 epel
显示可更新的包
[root@jindada ~]# yum check-update
[root@jindada ~]# yum list updates
更新某个软件包
[root@jindada ~]# rpm -qa httpd
httpd-2.4.6-88.el7.centos.x86_64
[root@jindada ~]# yum update httpd -y
[root@jindada ~]# rpm -qa httpd
httpd-2.4.6-93.el7.centos.x86_64
安装软件包
[root@jindada ~]# yum install tree #交互式 麻烦
[root@jindada ~]# yum install tree -y #免交互
卸载软件包
[root@jindada ~]# yum remove tree -y
[root@jindada ~]# yum erase tree -y
联网安装软件包
[root@jindada ~]# yum install -y https://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7.8.2003/os/x86_64/Packages/tree-1.6.0-10.el7.x86_64.rpm
本地安装软件包
[root@jindada ~]# yum localinstall -y /mnt/Packages/tree-1.6.0-10.el7.x86_64.rpm
重新安装软件包
[root@jindada ~]# systemctl start httpd
[root@jindada ~]# systemctl status httpd
● httpd.service - The Apache HTTP Server
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled)
Active: active (running) since Thu 2020-07-30 10:36:26 CST; 6s ago
[root@jindada ~]# rm -f /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
[root@jindada ~]# systemctl restart httpd
Job for httpd.service failed because the control process exited with error code. See "systemctl status httpd.service" and "journalctl -xe" for details.
[root@jindada ~]# yum reinstall -y httpd
搜索软件包
[root@jindada ~]# yum search ifconfig
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.aliyun.com
* extras: mirrors.aliyun.com
* updates: mirrors.aliyun.com
================================================= N/S matched: ifconfig =================================================
python36-ifcfg.noarch : Python cross-platform network interface discovery (ifconfig/ipconfig/ip)
Name and summary matches only, use "search all" for everything.
# 联网搜索命令属于哪个软件包
[root@jindada ~]# yum provides ifconfig
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.aliyun.com
* extras: mirrors.aliyun.com
* updates: mirrors.aliyun.com
epel/x86_64/filelists_db | 12 MB 00:00:04
net-tools-2.0-0.25.20131004git.el7.x86_64 : Basic networking tools
Repo : @base
Matched from:
Filename : /usr/sbin/ifconfig
查看软件包相关信息
[root@jindada ~]# yum info tree
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.aliyun.com
* extras: mirrors.aliyun.com
* updates: mirrors.aliyun.com
Installed Packages
Name : tree
Arch : x86_64
Version : 1.6.0
Release : 10.el7
Size : 87 k
Repo : installed
Summary : File system tree viewer
URL : http://mama.indstate.edu/users/ice/tree/
License : GPLv2+
Description : The tree utility recursively displays the contents of directories in a
: tree-like format. Tree is basically a UNIX port of the DOS tree
: utility.
组包的安装/卸载
# 组包的安装
[root@jindada ~]# yum groups install Python
# 组包的卸载
[root@jindada ~]# yum groups remove Python
清理原有的软件仓库信息缓存
# 清除包的缓存
[root@jindada ~]# yum clean packages
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Cleaning repos: base epel extras updates
0 package files removed
# 清除插件的缓存
[root@jindada ~]# yum clean plugins
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Cleaning repos: base epel extras updates
Cleaning up list of fastest mirrors
# 清除所有缓存
[root@jindada ~]# yum clean all
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Cleaning repos: base epel extras updates
建立最新的软件仓库信息缓存
[root@jindada ~]# yum makecache
历史记录
# yum 历史记录
[root@jindada ~]# yum history
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
ID | Command line | Date and time | Action(s) | Altered
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
27 | reinstall -y httpd | 2020-07-30 10:37 | Reinstall | 1
26 | localinstall -y /mnt/Pac | 2020-07-30 10:11 | Install | 1
25 | erase tree -y | 2020-07-30 10:10 | Erase | 1
24 | install -y https://mirro | 2020-07-30 10:09 | Install | 1
# 显示所有历史记录
[root@jindada ~]# yum history list all
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
ID | Login user | Date and time | Action(s) | Altered
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
27 | root <root> | 2020-07-30 10:37 | Reinstall | 1
26 | root <root> | 2020-07-30 10:11 | Install | 1
25 | root <root> | 2020-07-30 10:10 | Erase | 1
24 | root <root> | 2020-07-30 10:09 | Install | 1
23 | root <root> | 2020-07-30 10:08 | Erase | 1
22 | root <root> | 2020-07-30 10:08 | Install | 1
# 查看某个ID的历史信息
[root@jindada ~]# yum history info 15
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Transaction ID : 15
Begin time : Wed Jul 22 08:51:56 2020
Begin rpmdb : 372:6b59857cbbb441dc1cf9e1a96ab23013fd830365
End time : (0 seconds)
End rpmdb : 373:c16ad60498e5079097783959293418aeedfc68b5
User : root <root>
Return-Code : Success
Command Line : install -y psmisc
Transaction performed with:
Installed rpm-4.11.3-35.el7.x86_64 @anaconda
Installed yum-3.4.3-161.el7.centos.noarch @anaconda
Installed yum-plugin-fastestmirror-1.1.31-50.el7.noarch @anaconda
Packages Altered:
Install psmisc-22.20-16.el7.x86_64 @base
history info
# 回滚历史ID为10的操作
[root@jindada ~]# yum history undo 10 -y
[root@jindada ~]# yum --setopt=history_list_view=commands history list all
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
ID | Command line | Date and time | Action(s) | Altered
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
28 | history undo 10 | 2020-07-30 10:49 | Erase | 21
27 | reinstall -y httpd | 2020-07-30 10:37 | Reinstall | 1
26 | localinstall -y /mnt/Pac | 2020-07-30 10:11 | Install | 1
25 | erase tree -y | 2020-07-30 10:10 | Erase | 1
24 | install -y https://mirro | 2020-07-30 10:09 | Install | 1
23 | erase tree -y | 2020-07-30 10:08 | Erase | 1
22 | install tree -y | 2020-07-30 10:08 | Install | 1
21 | remove tree -y | 2020-07-30 10:08 | Erase | 1
只下载包不安装并 指定下载的路径
[root@jindada ~]# yum install -y --downloadonly --downloaddir=/opt nginx
[root@jindada ~]# ll /opt/
total 4380
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 93872 Jul 4 2014 centos-indexhtml-7-9.el7.centos.noarch.rpm
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 65788 Jul 4 2014 dejavu-fonts-common-2.33-6.el7.noarch.rpm
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1482820 Jul 4 2014 dejavu-sans-fonts-2.33-6.el7.noarch.rpm
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 260512 Nov 12 2018 fontconfig-2.13.0-4.3.el7.x86_64.rpm
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 10116 Jul 4 2014 fontpackages-filesystem-1.44-8.el7.noarch.rpm
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 149492 Jul 4 2014 gd-2.0.35-26.el7.x86_64.rpm
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 278636 Apr 25 2018 gperftools-libs-2.6.1-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 137752 Aug 23 2019 libjpeg-turbo-1.2.90-8.el7.x86_64.rpm
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 621364 Aug 23 2019 libX11-1.6.7-2.el7.x86_64.rpm
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 168172 Aug 23 2019 libX11-common-1.6.7-2.el7.noarch.rpm
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 29784 Jul 4 2014 libXau-1.0.8-2.1.el7.x86_64.rpm
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 218900 Nov 12 2018 libxcb-1.13-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 56800 Aug 11 2017 libXpm-3.5.12-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 575413 Oct 4 2019 nginx-1.16.1-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 19857 Oct 4 2019 nginx-all-modules-1.16.1-1.el7.noarch.rpm
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 21089 Oct 4 2019 nginx-filesystem-1.16.1-1.el7.noarch.rpm
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 30445 Oct 4 2019 nginx-mod-http-image-filter-1.16.1-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 39849 Oct 4 2019 nginx-mod-http-perl-1.16.1-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 29613 Oct 4 2019 nginx-mod-http-xslt-filter-1.16.1-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 58301 Oct 4 2019 nginx-mod-mail-1.16.1-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 86465 Oct 4 2019 nginx-mod-stream-1.16.1-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
[root@jindada ~]# cat /etc/yum.conf
[main]
#cachedir=/var/cache/yum/$basearch/$releasever
cachedir=/opt #指定下载保存路径
keepcache=1 #开启缓存
[root@jindada ~]# yum install -y nginx
[root@jindada ~]# ll /opt/
total 12
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 256 Jul 30 11:03 base
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Jul 30 11:03 epel
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 161 Jul 30 11:03 extras
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 117 Jul 30 11:04 timedhosts
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 107 Jul 30 11:03 timedhosts.txt
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 161 Jul 30 11:03 updates
[root@jindada ~]# find /opt/ -name "*.rpm"
/opt/base/packages/centos-indexhtml-7-9.el7.centos.noarch.rpm
/opt/base/packages/dejavu-fonts-common-2.33-6.el7.noarch.rpm
/opt/base/packages/fontconfig-2.13.0-4.3.el7.x86_64.rpm
/opt/base/packages/dejavu-sans-fonts-2.33-6.el7.noarch.rpm
/opt/base/packages/fontpackages-filesystem-1.44-8.el7.noarch.rpm
/opt/base/packages/gd-2.0.35-26.el7.x86_64.rpm
/opt/base/packages/gperftools-libs-2.6.1-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
/opt/base/packages/libX11-1.6.7-2.el7.x86_64.rpm
/opt/base/packages/libX11-common-1.6.7-2.el7.noarch.rpm
/opt/base/packages/libXau-1.0.8-2.1.el7.x86_64.rpm
/opt/base/packages/libXpm-3.5.12-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
/opt/base/packages/libjpeg-turbo-1.2.90-8.el7.x86_64.rpm
/opt/base/packages/libxcb-1.13-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
/opt/epel/packages/nginx-all-modules-1.16.1-1.el7.noarch.rpm
/opt/epel/packages/nginx-1.16.1-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
/opt/epel/packages/nginx-filesystem-1.16.1-1.el7.noarch.rpm
/opt/epel/packages/nginx-mod-http-image-filter-1.16.1-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
/opt/epel/packages/nginx-mod-http-perl-1.16.1-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
/opt/epel/packages/nginx-mod-http-xslt-filter-1.16.1-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
/opt/epel/packages/nginx-mod-mail-1.16.1-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
/opt/epel/packages/nginx-mod-stream-1.16.1-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
五、搭建本地yum仓库
1.把之前的仓库全部将其失效
[root@jindada ~]# ll /etc/yum.repos.d/
total 8
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2523 Jul 30 09:51 CentOS-Base.repo
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 664 Jul 30 09:57 epel.repo
[root@jindada ~]# gzip /etc/yum.repos.d/*
[root@jindada ~]# ll /etc/yum.repos.d/
total 8
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 601 Jul 30 09:51 CentOS-Base.repo.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 254 Jul 30 09:57 epel.repo.gz
2.挂载镜像源
[root@jindada ~]# mount /dev/sr0 /mnt/
[root@jindada ~]# df -h | grep mnt
/dev/sr0 4.3G 4.3G 0 100% /mnt
3.编写yum源文件
file:// #本地
ftp:// #文件传输地址
http:// #网络协议地址
https:// #网络协议地址
[root@jindada ~]# cat /etc/yum.repos.d/lcoal.repo
[jindada] #仓库名称 不能有空格
name=this is local repo #仓库说明信息
baseurl=file:///mnt #仓库地址
enabled=1 #启用仓库
gpgcheck=0 #不检查其合法性
4.测试是否可用
[root@jindada ~]# yum clean all
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Cleaning repos: jindada
Cleaning up list of fastest mirrors
Other repos take up 309 M of disk space (use --verbose for details)
[root@jindada ~]# yum makecache
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Determining fastest mirrors
jindada | 3.6 kB 00:00:00
(1/4): jindada/group_gz | 166 kB 00:00:00
(2/4): jindada/filelists_db | 3.2 MB 00:00:00
(3/4): jindada/primary_db | 3.1 MB 00:00:00
(4/4): jindada/other_db | 1.3 MB 00:00:00
Metadata Cache Created
[root@jindada ~]# yum install -y tree
六、将本地仓库共享给其他主机
1.环境介绍
# 本地仓库地址 服务端
10.0.0.100
# 客户端
10.0.0.101
2.服务端操作
# 在10.0.0.100 主机上面操作
[root@jindada ~]# mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/
mount: /dev/sr0 is write-protected, mounting read-only
[root@jindada ~]# df -h | grep mnt
/dev/sr0 4.3G 4.3G 0 100% /mnt
# 安装文件传输工具
[root@jindada ~]# yum install -y vsftpd
# 启动
[root@jindada ~]# systemctl start vsftpd
[root@jindada ~]# systemctl enable vsftpd
# 关闭防火墙
[root@jindada ~]# systemctl stop firewalld
# 关闭Selinux
[root@jindada ~]# setenforce 0
# 测试
# 浏览器输出
ftp://10.0.0.100/
# 访问的是这个目录
[root@jindada ~]# ll /var/ftp/
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 6 Oct 31 2018 pub
[root@jindada ~]# mkdir /var/ftp/local-base
[root@jindada ~]# ll /var/ftp/
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 6 Jul 30 19:55 local-base
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 6 Oct 31 2018 pub
[root@jindada ~]# cp -rp /mnt/Packages/* /var/ftp/local-base/
# 下载管理工具
[root@jindada ~]# yum install -y createrepo
# 告诉系统，这是个镜像yum源仓库
[root@jindada ~]# createrepo /var/ftp/local-base/
Spawning worker 0 with 4021 pkgs
Workers Finished
Saving Primary metadata
Saving file lists metadata
Saving other metadata
Generating sqlite DBs
Sqlite DBs complete
# 修改yum配置文件
[root@jindada ~]# cat /etc/yum.repos.d/lcoal.repo
[jindada]
name=this is local repo
baseurl=ftp://10.0.0.100/local-base/
enabled=1
gpgcheck=0
[root@jindada ~]# yum repolist
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
repo id repo name status
jindada this is local repo 4,021
repolist: 4,021
3.客户端操作
# 客户端修改主机名
[root@jindada ~]# hostnamectl set-hostname client
# 停止防火墙和selinux
[root@client ~]# systemctl stop firewalld
[root@client ~]# setenforce 0
# 备份yum源
[root@client ~]# gzip /etc/yum.repos.d/*
[root@client ~]# ll /etc/yum.repos.d/
total 28
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 549 Nov 23 2018 CentOS-Base.repo.gz
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 735 Nov 23 2018 CentOS-CR.repo.gz
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 426 Nov 23 2018 CentOS-Debuginfo.repo.gz
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 232 Nov 23 2018 CentOS-fasttrack.repo.gz
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 381 Nov 23 2018 CentOS-Media.repo.gz
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 506 Nov 23 2018 CentOS-Sources.repo.gz
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 633 Nov 23 2018 CentOS-Vault.repo.gz
# 编写yum源配置文件
[root@client ~]# cat /etc/yum.repos.d/lcoal.repo
[jindada]
name=this is local repo
baseurl=ftp://10.0.0.100/local-base/
enabled=1
gpgcheck=0
# 测试
[root@client ~]# yum clean all
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Cleaning repos: jindada
[root@client ~]# yum makecache
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Determining fastest mirrors
jindada | 2.9 kB 00:00:00
(1/3): jindada/filelists_db | 3.2 MB 00:00:00
(2/3): jindada/primary_db | 3.2 MB 00:00:00
(3/3): jindada/other_db | 1.3 MB 00:00:00
Metadata Cache Created
[root@client ~]# yum install vim -y
七、源码包管理
1. 下载源码包
[root@jindada ~]# wget http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.18.0.tar.gz
[root@jindada ~]# ll
total 1016
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1039530 Apr 21 22:33 nginx-1.18.0.tar.gz
2. 解压软件包
[root@jindada ~]# tar xf nginx-1.18.0.tar.gz
[root@jindada ~]# ll
total 1016
drwxr-xr-x 8 user05 1001 158 Apr 21 22:09 nginx-1.18.0
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1039530 Apr 21 22:33 nginx-1.18.0.tar.gz
3. 进入这个目录，进行预编译操作 编译设置
[root@jindada nginx-1.18.0]# ./configure --prefix=/opt/nginx-1.18.0 --with-http_ssl_module
checking for OS
+ Linux 3.10.0-957.el7.x86_64 x86_64
checking for C compiler ... not found
./configure: error: C compiler cc is not found #报错 缺少编译软件 gcc
4.安装依赖
[root@jindada nginx-1.18.0]# yum install -y gcc
5.再次执行报错
./configure: error: the HTTP rewrite module requires the PCRE library.
You can either disable the module by using --without-http_rewrite_module
option, or install the PCRE library into the system, or build the PCRE library
statically from the source with nginx by using --with-pcre=<path> option.
#解决：
[root@jindada nginx-1.18.0]# yum install -y pcre pcre-devel
6.再次执行报错
./configure: error: SSL modules require the OpenSSL library.
You can either do not enable the modules, or install the OpenSSL library
into the system, or build the OpenSSL library statically from the source
with nginx by using --with-openssl=<path> option.
#解决：
[root@jindada nginx-1.18.0]# yum install -y openssl openssl-devel
7.编译
[root@jindada nginx-1.18.0]# make
8.将编译的结果拷贝到指定的位置
[root@jindada nginx-1.18.0]# make install
[root@jindada nginx-1.18.0]# ll /opt/
drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 54 Jul 31 16:54 nginx-1.18.0
9.做软连接
[root@jindada ~]# ln -s /opt/nginx-1.18.0/ /opt/nginx
10.启动
[root@jindada ~]# /opt/nginx/sbin/nginx
八、yum下载包保存到本地
1.方式一
#1.安装插件
[root@jindada ~]# yum install yum-plugin-downloadonly -y
#2.下载示例
yum install --downloadonly --downloaddir=路径 安装包名
[root@jindada ~]# yum install --downloadonly --downloaddir=/usr/local nginx
2.方式二
#1.安装yumdownloader
[root@jindada ~]# yum install yum-utils -y
#2.下载示例
[root@jindada ~]# yumdownloader --resolve --destdir /tmp/ansible ansible
3.方式三
以上两个方法仅会将主软件包和基于你现在的操作系统所缺少的依赖关系包一并下载。若是将下载的rpm包上传至其他机器进行离线安装很有可能还是会缺少依赖，这时可以使用repotrack进行下载。
#1.安装插件
[root@jindada ~]# yum -y install yum-utils
#2.下载示例
repotrack --download_path=指定下载目录 要安装的软件
[root@jindada ~]# repotrack --download_path=/tmp libpcap-devel
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