第一个测试

存在bug

was_published_recently方法：当Question是在一天之内发布的时，该方法返回True。

# polls/models.py
    def was_published_recently(self):
        return self.pub_date >= timezone.now() - datetime.timedelta(days=1)

当前bug：当pub_date字段比当前时间晚时，即pub_date为将来时，也会返回True。

在shell中测试：

创建测试

在tests.py文件中添加自动化测试代码：

# polls/tests.py
import datetime

from django.test import TestCase
from django.utils import timezone

from .models import Question


class QuestionModelTests(TestCase):

    def test_was_published_recently_with_future_question(self):
        """
        was_published_recently() returns False for questions whose pub_date
        is in the future.
        """
        time = timezone.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=30)
        future_question = Question(pub_date=time)
        self.assertIs(future_question.was_published_recently(), False)

运行测试

终端输入：

python manage.py test polls

运行结果：

以下是自动化测试的运行过程：

python manage.py test polls 将会寻找 polls 应用里的测试代码
它找到了 django.test.TestCase 的一个子类
它创建一个特殊的数据库供测试使用
它在类中寻找测试方法——以 test 开头的方法。
在 test_was_published_recently_with_future_question 方法中，它创建了一个 pub_date 值为 30 天后的 Question 实例。
接着使用 assertls() 方法，发现 was_published_recently() 返回了 True，而我们期望它返回 False。

测试系统通知我们哪些测试样例失败了，和造成测试失败的代码所在的行号。

修复bug

修改model中的 was_published_recently() 方法，只有pub_date是过去时才返回True：

# polls/models.py
def was_published_recently(self):
    now = timezone.now()
    return now - datetime.timedelta(days=1) <= self.pub_date <= now

重新运行测试，结果ok：

全面测试

增加两个测试，确保 was_published_recently() 方法对于一天以前的问题返回False，对于一天内的问题返回True。

# polls/tests.py
def test_was_published_recently_with_old_question(self):
    """
    was_published_recently() returns False for questions whose pub_date
    is older than 1 day.
    """
    time = timezone.now() - datetime.timedelta(days=1, seconds=1)
    old_question = Question(pub_date=time)
    self.assertIs(old_question.was_published_recently(), False)

def test_was_published_recently_with_recent_question(self):
    """
    was_published_recently() returns True for questions whose pub_date
    is within the last day.
    """
    time = timezone.now() - datetime.timedelta(hours=23, minutes=59, seconds=59)
    recent_question = Question(pub_date=time)
    self.assertIs(recent_question.was_published_recently(), True)

测试视图

bug：当pub_date为未来时，这个Question在pub_date之前应该是不可见的。

Django测试工具之Client

Client用于模拟用户和视图层代码的交互。

在shell中配置测试环境：

>>> from django.test.utils import setup_test_environment
>>> setup_test_environment() # 提供模板渲染器，可以给responses添加额外属性

# 创建客户端实例
>>> from django.test import Client
>>> client = Client()

# 客户端工作
>>> # get a response from '/'
>>> response = client.get('/')
Not Found: /
>>> # we should expect a 404 from that address; if you instead see an
>>> # "Invalid HTTP_HOST header" error and a 400 response, you probably
>>> # omitted the setup_test_environment() call described earlier.
>>> response.status_code
404
>>> # on the other hand we should expect to find something at '/polls/'
>>> # we'll use 'reverse()' rather than a hardcoded URL
>>> from django.urls import reverse
>>> response = client.get(reverse('polls:index'))
>>> response.status_code
200
>>> response.content
b'\n    <ul>\n    \n        <li><a href="/polls/1/">What&#x27;s up?</a></li>\n    \n    </ul>\n\n'
>>> response.context['latest_question_list']
<QuerySet [<Question: What's up?>]>

shell框：

改善视图代码

改进 get_queryset() 方法：将pub_date与timezone.now()进行比较，判断是否显示Question。

# polls/views.py
from django.utils import timezone

def get_queryset(self):
    """
    Return the last five published questions (not including those set to be
    published in the future).
    """
    return Question.objects.filter(
        pub_date__lte=timezone.now()
    ).order_by('-pub_date')[:5]

lte表示less than or equal，小于等于；gte表示greater than or equal to，大于等于。lt和gt类似。

测试新视图

启动服务器，创建发布时间在过去和将来的Question：

pub_date设置在未来时，index中不会显示：

# polls/tests.py
from django.urls import reverse

# 快捷函数create_question用于创建投票问题
def create_question(question_text, days):
    """
    Create a question with the given `question_text` and published the
    given number of `days` offset to now (negative for questions published
    in the past, positive for questions that have yet to be published).
    """
    time = timezone.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=days)
    return Question.objects.create(question_text=question_text, pub_date=time)


# 创建一个视图测试类
class QuestionIndexViewTests(TestCase):
    def test_no_questions(self):
        """
        If no questions exist, an appropriate message is displayed.
        """
        response = self.client.get(reverse('polls:index'))
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
        self.assertContains(response, "No polls are available.")
        self.assertQuerysetEqual(response.context['latest_question_list'], [])

    def test_past_question(self):
        """
        Questions with a pub_date in the past are displayed on the
        index page.
        """
        question = create_question(question_text="Past question.", days=-30)
        response = self.client.get(reverse('polls:index'))
        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
            response.context['latest_question_list'],
            [question],
        )

    def test_future_question(self):
        """
        Questions with a pub_date in the future aren't displayed on
        the index page.
        """
        create_question(question_text="Future question.", days=30)
        response = self.client.get(reverse('polls:index'))
        self.assertContains(response, "No polls are available.")
        self.assertQuerysetEqual(response.context['latest_question_list'], [])

    def test_future_question_and_past_question(self):
        """
        Even if both past and future questions exist, only past questions
        are displayed.
        """
        question = create_question(question_text="Past question.", days=-30)
        create_question(question_text="Future question.", days=30)
        response = self.client.get(reverse('polls:index'))
        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
            response.context['latest_question_list'],
            [question],
        )

    def test_two_past_questions(self):
        """
        The questions index page may display multiple questions.
        """
        question1 = create_question(question_text="Past question 1.", days=-30)
        question2 = create_question(question_text="Past question 2.", days=-5)
        response = self.client.get(reverse('polls:index'))
        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
            response.context['latest_question_list'],
            [question2, question1],
        )

assertContains() 断言参数1response中存在第二个参数"No polls are available."内容。

assertQuerysetEqual()断言参数1匹配参数2中的某个值。

测试DetailView

注意，虽然index中没有第4个未来时问题，但是直接输入URL访问可以查看问题：

为了避免用户直接通过猜测的URL访问到未来日期的pub_date，添加约束：

# polls/views.py
class DetailView(generic.DetailView):
    ...
    def get_queryset(self):
        """
        Excludes any questions that aren't published yet.
        """
        return Question.objects.filter(pub_date__lte=timezone.now())

再访问出现404，说明约束有效：

增加测试：

class QuestionDetailViewTests(TestCase):
    def test_future_question(self):
        """
        The detail view of a question with a pub_date in the future
        returns a 404 not found.
        """
        future_question = create_question(question_text='Future question.', days=5)
        url = reverse('polls:detail', args=(future_question.id,))
        response = self.client.get(url)
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)

    def test_past_question(self):
        """
        The detail view of a question with a pub_date in the past
        displays the question's text.
        """
        past_question = create_question(question_text='Past Question.', days=-5)
        url = reverse('polls:detail', args=(past_question.id,))
        response = self.client.get(url)
        self.assertContains(response, past_question.question_text)

测试建议

对于每个模型和视图都建立单独的 TestClass
每个测试方法只测试一个功能
给每个测试方法起个能描述其功能的名字

posted @ 2021-09-04 00:06 ikventure 阅读(127) 评论(0) 收藏举报

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ikventure

django初学教程投票应用 05 自动化测试

第一个测试

存在bug

创建测试

运行测试

修复bug

全面测试

测试视图

Django测试工具之Client

改善视图代码

测试新视图

测试DetailView

测试建议

公告

ikventure

django初学教程 投票应用 05 自动化测试

第一个测试

存在bug

创建测试

运行测试

修复bug

全面测试

测试视图

Django测试工具之Client

改善视图代码

测试新视图

测试DetailView

测试建议

公告

django初学教程投票应用 05 自动化测试