1 Mixer characterization

DC input

Bias voltage

Bias Current

RF input

Lo input

IF output

 

2 mixer device 

Schottky diode:

BJT or FET ：参考集成IC的datasheet

3 Phase Domain

4 Modulator Basics

 The simplest modulators are VCOs（FM）and variable amplifier （AM）

BPSK

QPSK