python urllib、urlparse、urllib2、cookielib
1、urllib模块
1.urllib.urlopen(url[,data[,proxies]])
打开一个url的方法，返回一个文件对象，然后可以进行类似文件对象的操作。本例试着打开google
import urllib
f = urllib.urlopen('http://www.google.com.hk/')
firstLine = f.readline() #读取html页面的第一行
urlopen返回对象提供方法：
- read([bytes])：读所以字节或者bytes个字节
- readline()：读一行
- readlines() ：读所有行
- fileno() ：返回文件句柄
- close() ：关闭url链接
- info()：返回一个httplib.HTTPMessage对象，表示远程服务器返回的头信息
- getcode()：返回Http状态码。如果是http请求，200请求成功完成;404网址未找到
- geturl()：返回请求的url
2.urllib.urlretrieve(url[,filename[,reporthook[,data]]])
urlretrieve方法将url定位到的html文件下载到你本地的硬盘中。如果不指定filename，则会存为临时文件。
urlretrieve()返回一个二元组(filename,mine_hdrs)
临时存放：
filename = urllib.urlretrieve('http://www.google.com.hk/')
type(filename)
<type 'tuple'>
print filename[0]
print filename[1]
输出：
'/tmp/tmp8eVLjq' <httplib.HTTPMessage instance at 0xb6a363ec>
存为本地文件:
filename = urllib.urlretrieve('http://www.baidu.com/',filename='/home/dzhwen/python文件/Homework/urllib/google.html')
print type(filename)
print filename[0]
print filename[1]
输出：
<type 'tuple'> '/home/dzhwen/python\xe6\x96\x87\xe4\xbb\xb6/Homework/urllib/google.html' <httplib.HTTPMessage instance at 0xb6e2c38c>
reporthook参数使用如下：
def process(blk,blk_size,total_size):
print('%d/%d - %.02f%%' %(blk*blk_size,total_size,(float)(blk * blk_size) / total_size * 100))
def download():
filename,fileinfo = urllib.urlretrieve('http://cnblogs.com','index.html',reporthook=process)
输出结果：
0/46164 - 0.00% 8192/46164 - 17.75% 16384/46164 - 35.49% 24576/46164 - 53.24% 32768/46164 - 70.98% 40960/46164 - 88.73% 49152/46164 - 106.47%
blk * blk_size的有可能超过total_size，如上函数可以改写为：
def process(blk,blk_size,total_size):
if total_size == -1:
print "can't determine the file size, now retrived", blk * blk_size
else:
percentage = int((blk * blk_size * 100.0) / total_size)
if percentage >= 100:
print('%d/%d - %d%%' % (total_size, total_size, 100))
else:
print('%d/%d - %d%%' % (blk * blk_size, total_size, percentage))
运行后输出：
0/46238 - 0% 8192/46238 - 17% 16384/46238 - 35% 24576/46238 - 53% 32768/46238 - 70% 40960/46238 - 88% 46238/46238 - 100%
3.urllib.urlcleanup()
清除由于urllib.urlretrieve()所产生的缓存
4.urllib.quote(url)和urllib.quote_plus(url)
将url数据获取之后，并将其编码，从而适用与URL字符串中，使其能被打印和被web服务器接受。
urllib.quote('http://www.baidu.com')
转换结果：
'http%3A//www.baidu.com'
urllib.quote_plus('http://www.baidu.com')
转换结果：
'http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baidu.com'
5.urllib.unquote(url)和urllib.unquote_plus(url)
与4的函数相反。
6.urllib.urlencode(query)
将URL中的键值对以连接符&划分
这里可以与urlopen结合以实现post方法和get方法：
GET方法：
import urllib
params=urllib.urlencode({'spam':1,'eggs':2,'bacon':0})
f=urllib.urlopen("http://python.org/query?%s" % params)
print f.read()
POST方法：
import urllib
parmas = urllib.urlencode({'spam':1,'eggs':2,'bacon':0})
f=urllib.urlopen("http://python.org/query",parmas)
f.read()
2.urlparse模块
1.urlparse
作用：反向解析url
def parse_html(): url = 'https://www.baidu.com/s?wd=python&rsv_spt=1&rsv_iqid=0xad2dc5550032146a&issp=1&f=8&rsv_bp=0&rsv_idx=2&ie=utf-8&tn=baiduhome_pg&rsv_enter=1&rsv_sug3=7&rsv_sug1=5&rsv_sug7=100&rsv_sug2=0&inputT=22&rsv_sug4=4980' result = urlparse.urlparse(url) # params = urlparse.parse_qs(result.query) print result # print params
运行结果：
ParseResult(scheme='https', netloc='www.baidu.com', path='/s', params='', query='wd=python&rsv_spt=1&rsv_iqid=0xad2dc5550032146a&issp=1&f=8&rsv_bp=0&rsv_idx=2&ie=utf-8&tn=baiduhome_pg&rsv_enter=1&rsv_sug3=7&rsv_sug1=5&rsv_sug7=100&rsv_sug2=0&inputT=22&rsv_sug4=4980', fragment='')
如上返回的是一个parseResult对象，其中包括协议类型、主机地址、路径、参数以及query
2.parse_qs
import urllib import urlparse def parse_html(): url = 'https://www.baidu.com/s?wd=python&rsv_spt=1&rsv_iqid=0xad2dc5550032146a&issp=1&f=8&rsv_bp=0&rsv_idx=2&ie=utf-8&tn=baiduhome_pg&rsv_enter=1&rsv_sug3=7&rsv_sug1=5&rsv_sug7=100&rsv_sug2=0&inputT=22&rsv_sug4=4980' result = urlparse.urlparse(url) params = urlparse.parse_qs(result.query) # print result print params if __name__ == '__main__': # demo() # demo2() parse_html()
运行结果：
{'wd': ['python'], 'rsv_spt': ['1'], 'rsv_iqid': ['0xad2dc5550032146a'], 'inputT': ['22'], 'f': ['8'], 'rsv_enter': ['1'], 'rsv_bp': ['0'], 'rsv_idx': ['2'], 'tn': ['baiduhome_pg'], 'rsv_sug4': ['4980'], 'rsv_sug7': ['100'], 'rsv_sug1': ['5'], 'issp': ['1'], 'rsv_sug3': ['7'], 'rsv_sug2': ['0'], 'ie': ['utf-8']}
3、urllib2模块
urllib2提供更加强大的功能，如cookie的管理，但并不能完全代替urllib，因为urllib.urlencode函数urllib2中是没有的
3.1 urllib2.urlopen()
作用：打开url
参数：
- url
- data = None
- timeout = <object>
import urllib import urllib2 def demo(): url = 'http://www.cnblogs.com/hester/sllsl' try: s = urllib2.urlopen(url,timeout = 3) except urllib2.HTTPError,e: print e else: print s.read(100) if __name__ == '__main__': demo()
运行结果：
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="zh-cn"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"/> <title>”温故而知新“
如果url更改为未知的网址：
url = 'http://www.cnblogs.com/hester/asdfas'
运行结果：
HTTP Error 404: Not Found
3.2 urllib2.Request()
作用：添加或者修改http头
参数：
- url
- data
- headers
import urllib
import urllib2
def demo():
url = 'http://www.cnblogs.com/hester'
headers = {'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0','x-my-hester':'my value'}
req = urllib2.Request(url,headers=headers)
s = urllib2.urlopen(req)
print s.read(100)
print req.headers
s.close()
if __name__ == '__main__':
demo()
运行结果：
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="zh-cn">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8"/>
<title>”温故而知新“
{'X-my-hester': 'my value', 'User-agent': 'Mozilla/5.0'}
3.3 urllib2.bulid_opener()
作用：创建一个打开器
参数：
- Handler列表
- ProxyHandler
- UnknownHandler
- HTTPHandler
- HTTPDefaultHandler
- HTTPRedirectHandler
- FTPHandler
- FileHandler
- HTTPErrorHandler
- HTTPSHandler
返回：
- OpenerDirector
import urllib
import urllib2
def request_post_debug():
data = {'username':'hester_ge','password':'xxxxxxx'}
headers = {'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0','x-my-hester':'my value'}
req = urllib2.Request('http://www.cnblogs.com/hester',data = urllib.urlencode(data),headers=headers)
opener = urllib2.build_opener(urllib2.HTTPHandler(debuglevel=1))
s = opener.open(req)
print s.read(100)
s.close()
if __name__ == '__main__':
request_post_debug()
运行结果：
send: 'POST /hester HTTP/1.1\r\nAccept-Encoding: identity\r\nContent-Length: 35\r\nHost: www.cnblogs.com\r\nX-My-Hester: my value\r\nUser-Agent: Mozilla/5.0\r\nConnection: close\r\nContent-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded\r\n\r\nusername=hester_ge&password=xxxxxxx' reply: 'HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n' header: Date: Sun, 03 Jul 2016 08:28:37 GMT header: Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8 header: Content-Length: 14096 header: Connection: close header: Vary: Accept-Encoding header: Cache-Control: private, max-age=10 header: Expires: Sun, 03 Jul 2016 08:28:45 GMT header: Last-Modified: Sun, 03 Jul 2016 08:28:35 GMT header: X-UA-Compatible: IE=10 <!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="zh-cn"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"/> <title>”温故而知新“
3.4 urllib2.install_opener
作用：保存创建的opener
import urllib
import urllib2
def demo():
url = 'http://www.cnblogs.com/hester'
headers = {'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0','x-my-hester':'my value'}
req = urllib2.Request(url,headers=headers)
s = urllib2.urlopen(req)
print s.read(100)
print req.headers
s.close()
# def request_post_debug():
# data = {'username':'hester_ge','password':'xxxxxxx'}
# headers = {'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0','x-my-hester':'my value'}
# req = urllib2.Request('http://www.cnblogs.com/hester',data = urllib.urlencode(data),headers=headers)
# opener = urllib2.build_opener(urllib2.HTTPHandler(debuglevel=1))
# s = opener.open(req)
# print s.read(100)
# s.close()
def install_opener():
opener = urllib2.build_opener(urllib2.HTTPHandler(debuglevel=1),
urllib2.HTTPSHandler(debuglevel=1))
urllib2.install_opener(opener)
if __name__ == '__main__':
# request_post_debug()
demo()
运行结果：
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="zh-cn">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8"/>
<title>”温故而知新“
{'X-my-hester': 'my value', 'User-agent': 'Mozilla/5.0'}
如上代码更改为：
if __name__ == '__main__': # request_post_debug() install_opener() demo()
运行结果：
send: 'GET /hester HTTP/1.1\r\nAccept-Encoding: identity\r\nHost: www.cnblogs.com\r\nConnection: close\r\nX-My-Hester: my value\r\nUser-Agent: Mozilla/5.0\r\n\r\n'
reply: 'HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n'
header: Date: Sun, 03 Jul 2016 08:39:31 GMT
header: Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
header: Content-Length: 14096
header: Connection: close
header: Vary: Accept-Encoding
header: Cache-Control: private, max-age=10
header: Expires: Sun, 03 Jul 2016 08:39:41 GMT
header: Last-Modified: Sun, 03 Jul 2016 08:39:31 GMT
header: X-UA-Compatible: IE=10
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="zh-cn">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8"/>
<title>”温故而知新“
{'X-my-hester': 'my value', 'User-agent': 'Mozilla/5.0'}
4、cookies模块
因HTTP协议是无状态的，服务器无法识别请求是否为同一计算机，所以需要使用cookies进行标示。
客户见浏览器先发送request给服务器，服务器收到请求后进行解析，然后发送response给客户机，set_cookies就存在与response中，由浏览器进行设置。
我们这边用到两个模块
cookielib.CookieJar 提供解析并保存cookie的接口
HTTPCookieProcessor 提供自动出来cookie的功能
#encoding=utf8
import urllib2
import cookielib
def handler_cookie():
cookiejar = cookielib.CookieJar()
handler = urllib2.HTTPCookieProcessor(cookiejar=cookiejar)
opener = urllib2.build_opener(handler,urllib2.HTTPHandler(debuglevel=1))
s = opener.open('http://www.douban.com/')
print s.read(100)
s.close()
print '=' * 20
print cookiejar._cookies
print '=' * 20
#发送第二次请求时，自动带上cookie
s2 = opener.open('http://www.douban.com/')
print s2.read(100)
s2.close()
if __name__ == '__main__':
handler_cookie()
运行结果：
/usr/bin/python2.7 /home/hester/PycharmProjects/untitled/demo4.py
send: 'GET / HTTP/1.1\r\nAccept-Encoding: identity\r\nHost: www.douban.com\r\nConnection: close\r\nUser-Agent: Python-urllib/2.7\r\n\r\n'
reply: 'HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently\r\n'
header: Date: Sun, 03 Jul 2016 10:01:41 GMT
header: Content-Type: text/html
header: Content-Length: 178
header: Connection: close
header: Location: https://www.douban.com/
header: Server: dae
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html lang="zh-cms-Hans" class="">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="descrip
====================
{'.douban.com': {'/': {'ll': Cookie(version=0, name='ll', value='"118163"', port=None, port_specified=False, domain='.douban.com', domain_specified=True, domain_initial_dot=True, path='/', path_specified=True, secure=False, expires=1499076101, discard=False, comment=None, comment_url=None, rest={}, rfc2109=False), 'bid': Cookie(version=0, name='bid', value='dDz4rCqWvcQ', port=None, port_specified=False, domain='.douban.com', domain_specified=True, domain_initial_dot=True, path='/', path_specified=True, secure=False, expires=1499076101, discard=False, comment=None, comment_url=None, rest={}, rfc2109=False)}}}
====================
send: 'GET / HTTP/1.1\r\nAccept-Encoding: identity\r\nHost: www.douban.com\r\nCookie: ll="118163"; bid=dDz4rCqWvcQ\r\nConnection: close\r\nUser-Agent: Python-urllib/2.7\r\n\r\n'
reply: 'HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently\r\n'
header: Date: Sun, 03 Jul 2016 10:01:42 GMT
header: Content-Type: text/html
header: Content-Length: 178
header: Connection: close
header: Location: https://www.douban.com/
header: Server: dae
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html lang="zh-cms-Hans" class="">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="descrip
Process finished with exit code 0
