十一、多线程
多线程

程序、进程、线程
程序:程序是指令和数据的有序集合,是一个静态的概念
进程:执行程序的一次执行过程,是一个动态的概念,进程是资源分配的单位
线程:一个进程中有若干个线程,线程是CPU调度和执行的单位
如:视频中同时可以听声音、看图像、看弹幕
线程的创建
Thread
package com.dy.demo01;
//创建线程方式一:继承Thread类,重写run方法,调用start开启线程
public class TestThread extends Thread{
//run方法线程体
@Override
public void run() {
for (int i = 0; i < 20; i++) {
System.out.println("我在看代码---"+i);
}
}
//main线程,主线程
public static void main(String[] args) {
//创建一个线程对象
TestThread testThread = new TestThread();
//调用start()开启线程
testThread.start();
for (int i = 0; i < 200; i++) {
System.out.println("我在学习---"+i);
}
}
}
Runnable
package com.dy.demo01;
//创建线程方法2:实现runnable接口,重写run方法,执行线程需要丢入runnable接口实现类,调用start方法
public class TestThread2 implements Runnable{
@Override
public void run() {
for (int i = 0; i < 20; i++) {
System.out.println("我在看代码--"+i);
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
//创建runnable接口的实现类对象
TestThread2 testThread2 = new TestThread2();
//创建线程对象,通过线程对象来开启我们的线程
new Thread(testThread2).start();
for (int i = 0; i < 200; i++) {
System.out.println("我在学习多线程--"+i);
}
}
}
问题
数据紊乱
package com.dy.demo01;
//多个线程操作同一个对象
//问题:多个线程操作同一个资源的情况下,线程不安全,数据紊乱
public class TestThread3 implements Runnable{
private int target=10;
@Override
public void run() {
while (true){
if (target<=0){
break;
}
try {
Thread.sleep(200);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"=>拿了第"+target--+"张票!");
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
TestThread3 target = new TestThread3();
new Thread(target,"小明").start();
new Thread(target,"老师").start();
new Thread(target,"黄牛").start();
}
}
结果
老师=>拿了第9张票!
小明=>拿了第10张票!
黄牛=>拿了第8张票!
黄牛=>拿了第7张票!
老师=>拿了第5张票!
小明=>拿了第6张票!
小明=>拿了第4张票!
老师=>拿了第4张票!
黄牛=>拿了第4张票!
小明=>拿了第3张票!
黄牛=>拿了第2张票!
老师=>拿了第3张票!
黄牛=>拿了第0张票!
老师=>拿了第1张票!
小明=>拿了第1张票!
龟兔赛跑
package com.dy.demo01;
public class TestThread4 implements Runnable{
private static String winner;
@Override
public void run() {
for (int i = 0; i <=100; i++) {
if (Thread.currentThread().getName()=="兔子" && i%50==0){
try {
Thread.sleep(1);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if (gameOver(i)){
break;
}
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"跑了"+i+"步");
}
}
private boolean gameOver(int steps){
if (steps>=100){
winner=Thread.currentThread().getName();
System.out.println("winner is "+winner);
}
if (winner!=null){
return true;
}
return false;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
TestThread4 testThread4 = new TestThread4();
new Thread(testThread4,"兔子").start();
new Thread(testThread4,"乌龟").start();
}
}
Callable(了解)
package com.dy.demo01;
import java.util.concurrent.*;
/**
* 可以抛出返回值
* 可以定义异常
*/
//实现Callable接口
public class TestThread5 implements Callable<Boolean> {
@Override
public Boolean call() throws InterruptedException {
for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
System.out.println("我在看代码---"+i);
}
return true;
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
TestThread5 testThread5 = new TestThread5();
//创建执行服务
ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2);
//提交执行
Future<Boolean> submit1 = executorService.submit(testThread5);
Future<Boolean> submit2 = executorService.submit(testThread5);
//获取结果
Boolean aBoolean1 = submit1.get();
Boolean aBoolean2 = submit2.get();
//关闭服务
executorService.shutdownNow();
}
}
静态代理
package com.dy.demo02;
//静态代理模式总结
//真实对象(目标对象)和代理对象实现同一个接口
//代理对象要代理真实角色
//好处
// 代理对象可以做很多真实对象做不了的事情
// 真实对象专注做自己的事情
public class StaticProxy {
public static void main(String[] args) {
WeddingCompany company= new WeddingCompany(new You());
company.happyMarry();
}
}
interface Marry{
void happyMarry();
}
//真实角色,你去结婚
class You implements Marry{
@Override
public void happyMarry() {
System.out.println("你结婚了,你很开心!");
}
}
//代理角色,帮你结婚
class WeddingCompany implements Marry{
private Marry marry;
public WeddingCompany(Marry marry) {
this.marry=marry;
}
@Override
public void happyMarry() {
before();
marry.happyMarry();
after();
}
private void after() {
System.out.println("打扫结婚场地");
}
private void before() {
System.out.println("收结婚礼金");
}
}
Lambda表达式
- 使代码变得更简洁
- 去掉一些没有用的代码,只留下核心代码
- 避免内部类定义过多
函数式接口:一个接口只有一个方法
public interface Runnable{
public abstract void run();
}
函数式接口可以使用Lambda表达式
package com.dy.demo02;
/**
*推导lambda表达式
*/
public class Lambda {
//3.静态内部类
static class Like2 implements Ilike{
@Override
public void Lambda() {
System.out.println("I like lambda2!");
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Ilike like1 = new Like1();
like1.Lambda();
Ilike like2 = new Like2();
like2.Lambda();
//4.局部内部类
class Like3 implements Ilike{
@Override
public void Lambda() {
System.out.println("I like lambda3!");
}
}
Like3 like3 = new Like3();
like3.Lambda();
//5.匿名内部类,没有类的名称,借助接口或者父类
Ilike like4= new Ilike() {
@Override
public void Lambda() {
System.out.println("I like lambda4!");
}
};
like4.Lambda();
//6.lambda表达式简化
Ilike like5=()->{
System.out.println("I like lambda5!");
};
like5.Lambda();
}
}
//1.定义一个函数式接口
interface Ilike{
void Lambda();
}
//2.实现类
class Like1 implements Ilike{
@Override
public void Lambda() {
System.out.println("I like lambda1!");
}
}
package com.dy.demo02;
public class Lambda2 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//1.简化1,去掉返回值类型
Ilove ilove=(i)->{
System.out.println("I love you -->"+i);
};
ilove.love(1000);
//2.简化2 简化括号
ilove=i->{
System.out.println("I love you -->"+i);
};
ilove.love(10000);
//3.简化3,去掉花括号
ilove=i-> System.out.println("I love you -->"+i);
ilove.love(100000);
//总结:
//lambda表达式只能有一行代码的情况下,才能简化成为一行,如果有多行,就用代码块包裹
//必须是函数式接口
//多个参数,也可以去掉参数类型,必须加上括号
}
}
interface Ilove{
void love(int a);
}
多线程详解
五个状态
- 创建状态: new Thread()线程对象一旦创建就进入到新生状态
- 就绪状态:start() 调用方法后进入,但不意味着立即执行 ,等待CPU的调度执行
- 阻塞状态:调用sleep,wait或同步锁定
- 运行状态:进入运行状态,线程才真正执行线程体的代码块
- 死亡状态:线程中断或者结束,一旦进入死亡,就不能再次启动
线程停止
package com.dy.demo01;
public class TestThread6 implements Runnable{
private boolean flag=true;
@Override
public void run() {
int i=0;
while (flag){
System.out.println("run...Thread "+i++);
}
}
public void stop(){
this.flag=false;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
TestThread6 testThread6 = new TestThread6();
new Thread(testThread6).start();
for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
if (i==900){
testThread6.stop();
System.out.println("线程该停止了。。。");
}
System.out.println("main..."+i);
}
}
}
线程休眠
模拟网络延时:放大问题的发生性
package com.dy.demo01;
//模拟网络延时:放大问题的发生性
public class TestThread7 implements Runnable{
private int target=10;
@Override
public void run() {
while (true){
if (target<=0){
break;
}
try {
Thread.sleep(200);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"=>拿了第"+target--+"张票!");
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
TestThread3 target = new TestThread3();
new Thread(target,"小明").start();
new Thread(target,"老师").start();
new Thread(target,"黄牛").start();
}
}
模拟倒计时
package com.dy.demo01;
import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
import java.util.Date;
//模拟倒计时
public class TestThread8 {
public static void tenDown() throws InterruptedException {
int i=10;
while (true){
Thread.sleep(1000);
System.out.println(i--);
if (i<=0){
break;
}
}
}
public static void getCurrentTime() throws InterruptedException {
Date date = new Date(System.currentTimeMillis());//获取当前系统时间
while (true){
Thread.sleep(1000);
System.out.println(new SimpleDateFormat("HH:mm:ss").format(date));
date=new Date(System.currentTimeMillis());//获取当前系统时间
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
//tenDown();
getCurrentTime();
}
}
线程礼让
让CPU重新调度,不一定成功,看CPU
package com.dy.demo01;
public class TestThread9 implements Runnable{
@Override
public void run() {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"线程开始执行!");
Thread.yield();
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"线程停止执行!");
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
TestThread9 testThread9 = new TestThread9();
new Thread(testThread9,"a").start();
new Thread(testThread9,"b").start();
}
}
线程合并
合并线程,待此线程完成后,在执行其他线程,其他线程阻塞
少使用,会阻塞
package com.dy.demo01;
public class TestThread10 implements Runnable{
@Override
public void run() {
for (int i = 0; i < 200; i++) {
System.out.println("线程vip..."+i);
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
TestThread10 testThread10 = new TestThread10();
Thread thread=new Thread(testThread10);
thread.start();
for (int i = 0; i < 500; i++) {
if (i==50){
thread.join();
}
System.out.println("main..."+i);
}
}
}
观测线程状态
package com.dy.demo01;
public class TestThread11 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
Thread thread=new Thread(()->{
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
try {
Thread.sleep(1000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
System.out.println("....");
});
Thread.State state = thread.getState();
System.out.println(state);
thread.start();
state = thread.getState();
System.out.println(state);
while (state!=Thread.State.TERMINATED){
Thread.sleep(100);
state = thread.getState();
System.out.println(state);
}
}
}
线程的优先级
优先级越高,CPU调用的机会越大
package com.dy.demo01;
public class TestThread12 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("main-->"+Thread.currentThread().getPriority());
MyPriority myPriority = new MyPriority();
Thread t1 = new Thread(myPriority);
Thread t2 = new Thread(myPriority);
Thread t3 = new Thread(myPriority);
Thread t4 = new Thread(myPriority);
Thread t5 = new Thread(myPriority);
t1.start();
t2.setPriority(3);
t2.start();
t3.setPriority(5);
t3.start();
t4.setPriority(8);
t4.start();
t5.setPriority(7);
t5.start();
}
}
class MyPriority implements Runnable{
@Override
public void run() {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"-->"+Thread.currentThread().getPriority());
}
}
守护线程
daemon
线程分为用户线程和守护线程
虚拟机必须等用户线程执行完毕
虚拟机不用等守护线程执行完毕,只关注用户线程结束后,结束程序
package com.dy.demo01;
public class TestThread13 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
God god = new God();
Thread thread = new Thread(god);
thread.setDaemon(true);
thread.start();
new Thread(new You()).start();
}
}
class God implements Runnable{
@Override
public void run() {
while (true){
System.out.println("上帝守护着你!");
}
}
}
class You implements Runnable{
@Override
public void run() {
for (int i = 0; i < 36500; i++) {
System.out.println("你开心的活着!");
}
System.out.println("--you goodbay--");
}
}
线程同步 synchronized
**并发 **
同一个对象被多个线程同时操作
队列和锁
形成线程同步的条件:队列+锁。
每个对象对应一把锁
线程同步是为了安全
同步方法
synchronized方法和synchronized块
控制对象的访问,每个对象一把锁,方法一旦执行,就独占该锁,知道方法返回释放锁
缺陷:会影响效率
锁的对象为变化的量,增删改
排队买票
package com.dy.demo03;
//不安全的买票
//线程不安全,有重复值,负数
public class UnsafeByTicket {
public static void main(String[] args) {
BuyTickets buyTickets = new BuyTickets();
new Thread(buyTickets,"我").start();
new Thread(buyTickets,"陌生人").start();
new Thread(buyTickets,"黄牛").start();
}
}
class BuyTickets implements Runnable{
private int ticketNumbers=10;
boolean flag = true;
@Override
public void run() {
//买票
while (flag){
try {
buy();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
//synchronized同步方法 拿到this的锁 (Buytickets)
private synchronized void buy() throws InterruptedException {
if (ticketNumbers<=0){
flag=false;
return;
}
Thread.sleep(100);
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"买到了第"+ticketNumbers--+"张票");
}
}
银行取钱
package com.dy.demo03;
//不安全的取钱
//两个人去银行取钱
public class UnsafeBank {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Account account=new Account(100,"结婚基金");
Drawing you = new Drawing(account,50,"you");
Drawing girlFriend = new Drawing(account,100,"girlfriend");
you.start();
girlFriend.start();
}
}
//账户
class Account {
//余额
int money;
//账户名
String name;
public Account(int money, String name) {
this.money = money;
this.name = name;
}
}
//thread:不涉及到多个用户操作同一个对象
class Drawing extends Thread{
//账户
private Account account;
//取了多少钱
private int drawingMoney;
//现在手里还剩多少钱
private int nowMoney;
public Drawing(Account account,int drawingMoney,String name){
super(name);
this.account=account;
this.drawingMoney=drawingMoney;
}
//取钱
//synchronized默认锁的是this
//所以这边要用synchronized代码块 同步块可以锁任何东西
//锁的对象就是变化的量
@Override
public void run() {
synchronized(account){
//判断有没有钱
if (account.money-drawingMoney<0){
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"钱不够,取不了钱。");
return;
}
//sleep方法问题的发生性
try {
Thread.sleep(1000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
account.money=account.money-drawingMoney;
nowMoney=nowMoney+drawingMoney;
System.out.println(account.name+"余额为:"+account.money);
//this.getName()=Thread.currentThread().getName()
System.out.println(this.getName()+"手里的钱:"+nowMoney);
}
}
}
集合
package com.dy.demo03;
import java.util.ArrayList;
//线程不安全的集合
public class UnsafeList {
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
ArrayList<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
//线程插入同一个位置被覆盖
for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++) {
new Thread(()->{synchronized (list){list.add(Thread.currentThread().getName());}}).start();
}
Thread.sleep(3000);
System.out.println(list.size());
}
}
package com.dy.demo03;
import java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArrayList;
//JUC线程安全的集合
public class TestJUC {
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
CopyOnWriteArrayList<String> arrayList = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<>();
for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++) {
new Thread(()->{arrayList.add(Thread.currentThread().getName());}).start();
}
Thread.sleep(3000);
System.out.println(arrayList.size());
}
}
死锁
某一个同步块同时拥有“两个以上对象的锁”,可能产生死锁的问题。
产生死锁的四个必要条件
- 互斥条件:一个资源只能被一个进程使用
- 请求与保持条件:一个进程因请求资源而阻塞时,对已获得的资源保持不放
- 不剥夺条件:进程已获得资源,在未使用完前,不能强行剥夺
- 循环等待条件:若干进程之间形成一种头尾相接的循环等待资源的关系
package com.dy.demo03;
//死锁:多个线程互相抱着对方需要的资源,形成僵持
public class DeadLock {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Makeup g1 = new Makeup(0,"小红");
Makeup g2 = new Makeup(1,"小黄");
g1.start();
g2.start();
}
}
//口红
class Lipstick{
}
//镜子
class Mirror{
}
class Makeup extends Thread{
static Lipstick lipstick=new Lipstick();
static Mirror mirror=new Mirror();
private int choose;
private String girlName;
public Makeup(int choose,String girlName){
this.choose=choose;
this.girlName=girlName;
}
@Override
public void run() {
try {
makeup();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
private void makeup() throws InterruptedException {
if (choose==0){
synchronized (lipstick){//获得口红的锁
System.out.println(girlName+"获得了口红的锁");
Thread.sleep(1000);
}
synchronized (mirror){//获得镜子的锁
System.out.println(girlName+"获得镜子的锁");
}
}else {
synchronized (mirror){
System.out.println(girlName+"获得了镜子的锁");
Thread.sleep(2000);
}
synchronized (lipstick){//获得口红的锁
System.out.println(girlName+"获得口红的锁");
}
}
}
}
Lock
显式定义同步锁(手动开启和关闭,别忘记关锁),只有代码块锁
synchronized是隐式锁,出了作用域后自动释放,有代码块和方法锁
ReentrantLock类实现了Lock
package com.dy.demo03;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
public class TestLock {
public static void main(String[] args) {
TestLock2 testLock2 = new TestLock2();
new Thread(testLock2).start();
new Thread(testLock2).start();
new Thread(testLock2).start();
}
}
class TestLock2 implements Runnable{
int ticketNumbers=10;
//定义Lock 定义私有 常量
private final ReentrantLock lock=new ReentrantLock();
@Override
public void run() {
while (true){
lock.lock();//加锁
try {
if (ticketNumbers>0){
try {
Thread.sleep(1000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
System.out.println(ticketNumbers--);
}else {
break;
}
}finally {
lock.unlock();//解锁
}
}
}
}
线程协作
生产者消费者模式
生产者和消费者共享同一个资源,并且生产者和消费者之间相互依赖,互为条件
生产者:没有生产产品之前,需要通知消费者等待,生产产品后,需要通知消费者消费
消费者:消费后,通知生产者生产新的产品以供消费
synchronized可阻止并发更新同一个共享资源,实现了同步,但不能实现不同线程之间的消息传递
| wait() | 线程一直等待,直到其他线程通知,会释放锁 |
|---|---|
| wait(long timeout) | |
| notify() | 唤醒一个处于等待的线程 |
| notifyAll() | 唤醒同一个对象所有wait的线程,优先级高的线程优先调度 |
package com.dy.demo03;
//测试生产者消费者模型-->利用缓冲区解决 :管程法
public class TestPC {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SynContainer synContainer=new SynContainer();
new Productor(synContainer).start();
new Consumer(synContainer).start();
}
}
//生产者
class Productor extends Thread{
SynContainer synContainer;
public Productor(SynContainer synContainer){
this.synContainer=synContainer;
}
@Override
public void run() {
for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
synContainer.push(new Chicken(i));
System.out.println("生产了第"+i+"只鸡");
}
}
}
//消费者
class Consumer extends Thread{
SynContainer synContainer;
public Consumer(SynContainer synContainer){
this.synContainer=synContainer;
}
@Override
public void run() {
for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
System.out.println("消费了-->"+synContainer.pop().id+"只鸡");
}
}
}
//产品
class Chicken{
int id;
public Chicken(int id) {
this.id = id;
}
}
//缓存区
class SynContainer{
Chicken[] chickens=new Chicken[10];
int count=0;
//生产者生产
public synchronized void push(Chicken chicken){
//如果容器满了,通知消费者消费
if (count==chickens.length){
//通知消费者消费,生产者等待
try {
this.wait();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
//如果没有满,继续丢入产品
chickens[count]=chicken;
count++;
//可以通知消费者消费了
this.notify();
}
public synchronized Chicken pop(){
//判断能否消费
if (count==0){
try {
this.wait();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
//如果可以消费
count--;
Chicken chicken = chickens[count];
//吃完了,通知生产者生产
this.notify();
return chicken;
}
}
package com.dy.demo03;
//测试生产者消费者问题2:信号灯法,标志位解决
public class TestPC2 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
TV tv=new TV();
new Player(tv).start();
new Watcher(tv).start();
}
}
class Player extends Thread{
TV tv;
public Player(TV tv){
this.tv=tv;
}
@Override
public void run() {
for (int i = 0; i < 20; i++) {
if (i%2==0){
this.tv.play("<1>");
}else {
this.tv.play("<2>");
}
}
}
}
class Watcher extends Thread{
TV tv;
public Watcher(TV tv){
this.tv=tv;
}
@Override
public void run() {
for (int i = 0; i < 20; i++) {
tv.watch();
}
}
}
//产品-->节目
class TV{
//演员表演,观众等待
//观众观看,演员等待
String voice;
boolean flag=true;
public synchronized void play(String voice){
if (!flag){
try {
this.wait();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
System.out.println("演员表演了:"+voice);
this.voice=voice;
this.flag=!flag;
//通知观众观看 通知唤醒
this.notify();
}
public synchronized void watch(){
if (flag){
try {
this.wait();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
System.out.println("观众正在观看:"+voice);
this.flag=!flag;
this.notify();
}
}
线程池
使用线程池,对性能好
提高响应速度
降低资源消耗
便于线程管理
ExecutorService和Executors:
package com.dy.demo03;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
//测试线程池
public class TestPool {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ExecutorService executorService= Executors.newFixedThreadPool(10);
executorService.execute(new MyThread());
executorService.execute(new MyThread());
executorService.execute(new MyThread());
executorService.execute(new MyThread());
executorService.shutdown();
}
}
class MyThread implements Runnable{
@Override
public void run() {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName());
}
}
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