scala基础内容-functional objects, nested iteration

Functional Objects

Functional Objects do not have any mutable state.

The Rational class Example:

1. Constructing a Rational
2. Reimplementing the toString method
3. Checking preconditions
4. Adding fields(that could refer to)
5. Self references
6. Auxiliary constructors
7. Private fields and methods
8. Defining operators
9. Method overloading
10. Implicit conversions

In scala, every auxiliary constructors must invoke another constructors
of the same class as its first action.

class Rational(n: Int, d: Int){       // 1
  require(d != 0)            // 3
  private val g = gcd(n.abs, d.abs)  // 7

  val numer: Int = n / g   // 4
  val denom: Int = d / g   // 4

  def this(n: Int) = this(n, 1)     // 6

  override def toString = numer + "/" + denom  // 2

  def add(that: Rational): Rational =
    new Rational(numer * that.denom + that.numer * denom, denom * that.denom)

  def lessThan(that: Rational) =   // 5
    this.numer * that.denom < that.numer * this.denom

  def max(that: Rational) =  // 5
    if(this.lessThan(that)) that else this

  def + (that: Rational): Rational =  // 8
    add(that)

  def + (i: Int): Rational =  // 9
    new Rational(numer + i * denom, denom)

  private def gcd(a: Int, b: Int): Int =   // 7
    if (b == 0) a else gcd(b, a % b)
}
implicit def intToRational(x: Int) = new Rational(x) // 10

scala类的初始化函数方法的定义：

1. 定义一个基础初始化方法
2. 若需要其他初始化方法，在这个新的初始化函数中调用 1 中定义的方法

Nested iteration

def fileLines(file: java.io.File) =
  scala.io.Source.fromFile(file).getLines().toList

def grep(pattern: String) =
  for(
    file <- files
	if file.getName.endsWith(".scala");
	line <- fileLines(file)
	trimmed = line.trim
	if trimmed.matches(pattern)
  ) println(file + ": " + trimmed)	

grep(".*gcd.*")