include、including、included的区别
include、including、included的区别
1. 词性不同
- include 是动词,表示“包含、包括”,通常作为句子的谓语使用。
- including 是include的现在分词形式,常用作介词,表示“包括……在内”。
- included 是include的过去式和过去分词形式,也可以作为形容词使用,表示“包括在内的”。
2. 用法不同
- include 作为动词,后接名词或代词作宾语,构成动宾结构。例如:“My family includes my father, my mother, my brother and me.”
- including 作为介词,通常用在逗号后面或冒号前面,表示“包括……在内”。例如:“There are all sorts of animals, including bears, pigs, kangaroos, and penguins.”
- included 作为形容词,通常放在被修饰的名词或代词之后,起到补充说明的作用。例如:“The freight is included in the account.”
3. 主动与被动
- including 作为现在分词,通常表示主动意义,即“包括”的动作是由句子的主语发出的。
- included 作为过去分词,通常表示被动意义,即“包括”的动作是由句子的宾语发出的。
4. 例句对比
- include: “The price for the hotel includes breakfast.”
- including: “There are ten people in this office including me.”
- included: “There are four people in my family, me included.”
5. 总结
- include 是动词,用于句子的谓语部分。
- including 是介词,用于表示“包括……在内”。
- included 是形容词或过去分词,用于表示“包括在内的”或被动意义。
通过以上分析,可以更清晰地理解include、including、included在词性、用法和意义上的区别。

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