Java并发包(ThreadLocal)第二节
一、ThreadLocalMap源码分析
Entry数据结构
/** * The table, resized as necessary. * table.length MUST always be a power of two. */ private Entry[] table;
通过注释可以看出,table数组的长度为2的幂次方。接下来看下Entry是什么:
/**
* The entries inthis hash map extend WeakReference, using
* its main ref field as the key (which is always a
* ThreadLocal object). Note that null keys (i.e. entry.get()
* == null) mean that the key is no longer referenced, so the
* entry can be expunged from table. Such entries are referred to
* as"stale entries"in the code that follows.
*/
static class Entry extends WeakReference<ThreadLocal<?>> {
/** The value associated with this ThreadLocal. */
Object value;
Entry(ThreadLocal<?> k, Object v) {
super(k);
value = v;
}
}
Entry是一个以ThreadLocal为key,Object为value的键值对,另外需要注意的是这里的threadLocal是弱引用,因为Entry继承了WeakReference,在Entry的构造方法中,调用了super(k)方法就会将threadLocal实例包装成一个WeakReferenece。
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thread,threadLocal,threadLocalMap,Entry之间的关系
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set方法
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分离链表法(separate chaining)
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开放定址法(open addressing)
- 在 ThreadLocalMap 中的散列值分散的十分均匀,很少会出现冲突。
- 并且 ThreadLocalMap 经常需要清除无用的对象,使用纯数组更加方便。
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set方法源码
/**
* Set the value associated with key.
*
* @paramkey the thread local object
* @paramvalue the value to be set
*/
private void set(ThreadLocal<?> key, Object value) {
// We don't use a fast path as with get() because it is at
// least as common to use set() to create new entries as
// it is to replace existing ones, in which case, a fast
// path would fail more often than not.
Entry[] tab = table;
int len = tab.length;
//根据threadLocal的hashCode确定Entry应该存放的位置
int i = key.threadLocalHashCode & (len-1);
//采用开放地址法,hash冲突的时候使用线性探测
for (Entry e = tab[i];
e != null;
e = tab[i = nextIndex(i, len)]) {
ThreadLocal<?> k = e.get();
//覆盖旧Entry
if (k == key) {
e.value = value;
return;
}
//当key为null时,说明threadLocal强引用已经被释放掉,那么就无法
//再通过这个key获取threadLocalMap中对应的entry,这里就存在内存泄漏的可能性
if (k == null) {
//用当前插入的值替换掉这个key为null的“脏”entry
replaceStaleEntry(key, value, i);
return;
}
}
//新建entry并插入table中i处
tab[i] = new Entry(key, value);
int sz = ++size;
//插入后再次清除一些key为null的“脏”entry,如果大于阈值就需要扩容
if (!cleanSomeSlots(i, sz) && sz >= threshold)
rehash();
}
- 如果当前table[i]!=null的话说明hash冲突就需要向后环形查找,若在查找过程中遇到脏entry就通过replaceStaleEntry进行处理;
- 如果当前table[i]==null的话说明新的entry可以直接插入,但是插入后会调用cleanSomeSlots方法检测并清除脏entry
- cleanSomeSlots源码:
/* @param i a position known NOT to hold a stale entry. The
* scan starts at the element after i.
*
* @param n scan control: {@code log2(n)} cells are scanned,
* unless a stale entry is found, in which case
* {@code log2(table.length)-1} additional cells are scanned.
* When called from insertions, this parameter is the number
* of elements, but when from replaceStaleEntry, it is the
* table length. (Note: all this could be changed to be either
* more or less aggressive by weighting n instead of just
* using straight log n. But this version is simple, fast, and
* seems to work well.)
*
* @return true if any stale entries have been removed.
*/
private boolean cleanSomeSlots(int i, int n) {
boolean removed = false;
Entry[] tab = table;
int len = tab.length;
do {
i = nextIndex(i, len);
Entry e = tab[i];
if (e != null && e.get() == null) {
n = len;
removed = true;
i = expungeStaleEntry(i);
}
} while ( (n >>>= 1) != 0);
return removed;
}
- threadLocal的hashcode?
private final int threadLocalHashCode = nextHashCode();
private static final int HASH_INCREMENT = 0x61c88647;
private static AtomicInteger nextHashCode =new AtomicInteger();
/**
* Returns the next hash code.
*/
private static int nextHashCode() {
return nextHashCode.getAndAdd(HASH_INCREMENT);
}
从源码中我们可以清楚的看到threadLocal实例的hashCode是通过nextHashCode()方法实现的,该方法实际上总是用一个AtomicInteger加上0x61c88647来实现的。0x61c88647这个数是有特殊意义的,它能够保证hash表的每个散列桶能够均匀的分布,这是Fibonacci Hashing。也正是能够均匀分布,所以threadLocal选择使用开放地址法来解决hash冲突的问题。
- 怎样确定新值插入到哈希表中的位置?
- 怎样解决hash冲突?
- 怎样解决“脏”Entry?
- 如何进行扩容?
private int threshold; // Default to 0
/**
* The initial capacity -- MUST be a power of two.
*/
private static final int INITIAL_CAPACITY = 16;
ThreadLocalMap(ThreadLocal<?> firstKey, Object firstValue) {
table = new Entry[INITIAL_CAPACITY];
int i = firstKey.threadLocalHashCode & (INITIAL_CAPACITY - 1);
table[i] = new Entry(firstKey, firstValue);
size = 1;
setThreshold(INITIAL_CAPACITY);
}
/**
* Set the resize threshold to maintain at worst a 2/3 load factor.
*/
private void setThreshold(int len) {
threshold = len * 2 / 3;
}
根据源码可知,在第一次为threadLocal进行赋值的时候会创建初始大小为16的threadLocalMap,并且通过setThreshold方法设置threshold,其值为当前哈希数组长度乘以(2/3),也就是说加载因子为2/3(加载因子是衡量哈希表密集程度的一个参数,如果加载因子越大的话,说明哈希表被装载的越多,出现hash冲突的可能性越大,反之,则被装载的越少,出现hash冲突的可能性越小。同时如果过小,很显然内存使用率不高,该值取值应该考虑到内存使用率和hash冲突概率的一个平衡,如hashMap,concurrentHashMap的加载因子都为0.75)。这里threadLocalMap初始大小为16,加载因子为2/3,所以哈希表可用大小为:16*2/3=10,即哈希表可用容量为10。
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扩容resize
/**
* Double the capacity of the table.
*/
private void resize() {
Entry[] oldTab = table;
int oldLen = oldTab.length;
//新数组为原数组的2倍
int newLen = oldLen * 2;
Entry[] newTab = new Entry[newLen];
int count = 0;
for (int j = 0; j < oldLen; ++j) {
Entry e = oldTab[j];
if (e != null) {
ThreadLocal<?> k = e.get();
//遍历过程中如果遇到脏entry的话直接另value为null,有助于value能够被回收
if (k == null) {
e.value = null; // Help the GC
} else {
//重新确定entry在新数组的位置,然后进行插入
int h = k.threadLocalHashCode & (newLen - 1);
while (newTab[h] != null)
h = nextIndex(h, newLen);
newTab[h] = e;
count++;
}
}
}
//设置新哈希表的threshHold和size属性
setThreshold(newLen);
size = count;
table = newTab;
}
方法逻辑请看注释,新建一个大小为原来数组长度的两倍的数组,然后遍历旧数组中的entry并将其插入到新的hash数组中,主要注意的是,在扩容的过程中针对脏entry的话会令value为null,以便能够被垃圾回收器能够回收,解决隐藏的内存泄漏的问题。
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getEntry方法
private Entry getEntry(ThreadLocal<?> key) {
//1. 确定在散列数组中的位置
int i = key.threadLocalHashCode & (table.length - 1);
//2. 根据索引i获取entry
Entry e = table[i];
//3. 满足条件则返回该entry
if (e != null && e.get() == key)
return e;
else
//4. 未查找到满足条件的entry,额外在做的处理
return getEntryAfterMiss(key, i, e);
}
方法逻辑很简单,若能当前定位的entry的key和查找的key相同的话就直接返回这个entry,否则的话就是在set的时候存在hash冲突的情况,需要通过getEntryAfterMiss做进一步处理。getEntryAfterMiss方法为:
private Entry getEntryAfterMiss(ThreadLocal<?> key, int i, Entry e) {
Entry[] tab = table;
int len = tab.length;
while (e != null) {
ThreadLocal<?> k = e.get();
if (k == key)
//找到和查询的key相同的entry则返回
return e;
if (k == null)
//解决脏entry的问题
expungeStaleEntry(i);
else
//继续向后环形查找
i = nextIndex(i, len);
e = tab[i];
}
return null;
}
这个方法同样很好理解,通过nextIndex往后环形查找,如果找到和查询的key相同的entry的话就直接返回,如果在查找过程中遇到脏entry的话使用expungeStaleEntry方法进行处理。到目前为止,为了解决潜在的内存泄漏的问题,在set,resize,getEntry这些地方都会对这些脏entry进行处理,可见为了尽可能解决这个问题几乎无时无刻都在做出努力。
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remove方法
/**
* Remove the entry for key.
*/
private void remove(ThreadLocal<?> key) {
Entry[] tab = table;
int len = tab.length;
int i = key.threadLocalHashCode & (len-1);
for (Entry e = tab[i];
e != null;
e = tab[i = nextIndex(i, len)]) {
if (e.get() == key) {
//将entry的key置为null
e.clear();
//将该entry的value也置为null
expungeStaleEntry(i);
return;
}
}
}
该方法逻辑很简单,通过往后环形查找到与指定key相同的entry后,先通过clear方法将key置为null后,使其转换为一个脏entry,然后调用expungeStaleEntry方法将其value置为null,以便垃圾回收时能够清理,同时将table[i]置为null

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