python 写的证件照片换背景工具，效果不理想，白边始终存在，有哪位大神给优化一下

 

import tkinter as tk
from tkinter import filedialog, messagebox, ttk
from PIL import Image, ImageTk, ImageFilter, ImageChops, ImageOps
import os
import numpy as np


class IDPhotoBgChanger:
    def __init__(self, root):
        self.root = root
        self.root.title("证件照精细化换背景 | 发丝去白边专业版")
        # 固定窗口尺寸
        WINDOW_W = 1200
        WINDOW_H = 1050
        self.root.geometry(f"{WINDOW_W}x{WINDOW_H}")
        self.root.resizable(False, False)

        # 窗口屏幕居中
        screen_w = self.root.winfo_screenwidth()
        screen_h = self.root.winfo_screenheight()
        x_pos = (screen_w - WINDOW_W) // 2
        y_pos = (screen_h - WINDOW_H) // 2
        self.root.geometry(f"{WINDOW_W}x{WINDOW_H}+{x_pos}+{y_pos}")

        self.root.configure(bg="#f0f4f9")

        # 全局图像变量
        self.original_img = None
        self.processed_img = None
        # 固定预览画布像素尺寸
        self.preview_w = 430
        self.preview_h = 560

        # 可调参数绑定滑块
        self.threshold_val = tk.IntVar(value=230)
        self.blur_val = tk.IntVar(value=3)
        self.erode_val = tk.IntVar(value=2)
        self.edge_dark_val = tk.IntVar(value=30)  # 边缘暗化强度

        # 构建整体UI布局
        self.build_ui()

    def build_ui(self):
        # ====================== 1. 顶部标题区域 ======================
        title_frame = tk.Frame(self.root, bg="#f0f4f9")
        title_frame.pack(fill="x", pady=12)
        title_label = tk.Label(
            title_frame,
            text="证件照智能替换背景 · 发丝精细羽化 · 一键消除白边",
            font=("微软雅黑", 20, "bold"),
            bg="#f0f4f9",
            fg="#165DFF"
        )
        title_label.pack()

        # ====================== 2. 参数滑块调节区域（带数值显示） ======================
        param_wrap = tk.LabelFrame(
            self.root,
            text="抠图参数调节",
            font=("微软雅黑", 12, "bold"),
            bg="#ffffff",
            bd=2,
            relief=tk.GROOVE
        )
        param_wrap.pack(fill="x", padx=40, pady=8)

        # 使用网格布局，4行3列
        for i in range(4):
            param_wrap.grid_rowconfigure(i, weight=1)
        for i in range(3):
            param_wrap.grid_columnconfigure(i, weight=1)

        # 第1行：背景阈值
        tk.Label(param_wrap, text="背景亮度阈值：", bg="#ffffff", font=("微软雅黑", 10)).grid(row=0, column=0, padx=5,
                                                                                             pady=6, sticky="e")

        threshold_frame = tk.Frame(param_wrap, bg="#ffffff")
        threshold_frame.grid(row=0, column=1, padx=5, pady=6, sticky="w")

        s1 = ttk.Scale(threshold_frame, from_=200, to=255, variable=self.threshold_val, orient=tk.HORIZONTAL,
                       length=180)
        s1.pack(side=tk.LEFT)

        self.threshold_label = tk.Label(threshold_frame, text="230", bg="#ffffff", font=("微软雅黑", 10, "bold"),
                                        width=4, fg="#165DFF")
        self.threshold_label.pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=10)
        self.threshold_val.trace('w', lambda *args: self.threshold_label.config(text=str(self.threshold_val.get())))

        # 阈值说明
        tk.Label(param_wrap, text="↑ 调高识别纯白背景，调低识别浅灰背景", bg="#ffffff", font=("微软雅黑", 8),
                 fg="#888888").grid(row=0, column=2, padx=5, pady=6, sticky="w")

        # 第2行：羽化强度
        tk.Label(param_wrap, text="发丝羽化强度：", bg="#ffffff", font=("微软雅黑", 10)).grid(row=1, column=0, padx=5,
                                                                                             pady=6, sticky="e")

        blur_frame = tk.Frame(param_wrap, bg="#ffffff")
        blur_frame.grid(row=1, column=1, padx=5, pady=6, sticky="w")

        s2 = ttk.Scale(blur_frame, from_=0, to=6, variable=self.blur_val, orient=tk.HORIZONTAL, length=180)
        s2.pack(side=tk.LEFT)

        self.blur_label = tk.Label(blur_frame, text="3", bg="#ffffff", font=("微软雅黑", 10, "bold"), width=4,
                                   fg="#165DFF")
        self.blur_label.pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=10)
        self.blur_val.trace('w', lambda *args: self.blur_label.config(text=str(self.blur_val.get())))

        tk.Label(param_wrap, text="↑ 数值越大发丝边缘过渡越柔和自然", bg="#ffffff", font=("微软雅黑", 8),
                 fg="#888888").grid(row=1, column=2, padx=5, pady=6, sticky="w")

        # 第3行：白边消除力度
        tk.Label(param_wrap, text="白边消除力度：", bg="#ffffff", font=("微软雅黑", 10)).grid(row=2, column=0, padx=5,
                                                                                             pady=6, sticky="e")

        erode_frame = tk.Frame(param_wrap, bg="#ffffff")
        erode_frame.grid(row=2, column=1, padx=5, pady=6, sticky="w")

        s3 = ttk.Scale(erode_frame, from_=0, to=4, variable=self.erode_val, orient=tk.HORIZONTAL, length=180)
        s3.pack(side=tk.LEFT)

        self.erode_label = tk.Label(erode_frame, text="2", bg="#ffffff", font=("微软雅黑", 10, "bold"), width=4,
                                    fg="#165DFF")
        self.erode_label.pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=10)
        self.erode_val.trace('w', lambda *args: self.erode_label.config(text=str(self.erode_val.get())))

        tk.Label(param_wrap, text="↑ 数值越大去除白边越彻底（可能轻微缩小人像）", bg="#ffffff", font=("微软雅黑", 8),
                 fg="#888888").grid(row=2, column=2, padx=5, pady=6, sticky="w")

        # 第4行：边缘暗化（新增）
        tk.Label(param_wrap, text="边缘暗化强度：", bg="#ffffff", font=("微软雅黑", 10)).grid(row=3, column=0, padx=5,
                                                                                             pady=6, sticky="e")

        dark_frame = tk.Frame(param_wrap, bg="#ffffff")
        dark_frame.grid(row=3, column=1, padx=5, pady=6, sticky="w")

        s4 = ttk.Scale(dark_frame, from_=0, to=80, variable=self.edge_dark_val, orient=tk.HORIZONTAL, length=180)
        s4.pack(side=tk.LEFT)

        self.dark_label = tk.Label(dark_frame, text="30", bg="#ffffff", font=("微软雅黑", 10, "bold"), width=4,
                                   fg="#165DFF")
        self.dark_label.pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=10)
        self.edge_dark_val.trace('w', lambda *args: self.dark_label.config(text=str(self.edge_dark_val.get())))

        tk.Label(param_wrap, text="↑ 数值越大边缘过渡越暗，减少白边反光（0-80）", bg="#ffffff", font=("微软雅黑", 8),
                 fg="#888888").grid(row=3, column=2, padx=5, pady=6, sticky="w")

        # ====================== 3. 核心图片预览区域 ======================
        preview_main = tk.Frame(self.root, bg="#f0f4f9")
        preview_main.pack(pady=15)

        # 左侧原图容器
        left_box = tk.LabelFrame(
            preview_main,
            text="原始照片",
            font=("微软雅黑", 12, "bold"),
            bg="#ffffff",
            bd=2,
            relief=tk.GROOVE
        )
        left_box.grid(row=0, column=0, padx=35)
        left_box.config(width=self.preview_w + 20, height=self.preview_h + 30)
        left_box.pack_propagate(False)

        self.origin_display = tk.Label(left_box, bg="#e9ecef")
        self.origin_display.pack(expand=True, fill="both", padx=10, pady=10)

        # 右侧处理后预览容器
        right_box = tk.LabelFrame(
            preview_main,
            text="处理后预览（去白边+发丝优化）",
            font=("微软雅黑", 12, "bold"),
            bg="#ffffff",
            bd=2,
            relief=tk.GROOVE
        )
        right_box.grid(row=0, column=1, padx=35)
        right_box.config(width=self.preview_w + 20, height=self.preview_h + 30)
        right_box.pack_propagate(False)

        self.result_display = tk.Label(right_box, bg="#e9ecef")
        self.result_display.pack(expand=True, fill="both", padx=10, pady=10)

        # ====================== 4. 底部固定按钮区域 ======================
        btn_wrap = tk.LabelFrame(
            self.root,
            text="功能操作区",
            font=("微软雅黑", 12, "bold"),
            bg="#ffffff",
            bd=2,
            relief=tk.GROOVE
        )
        btn_wrap.pack(fill="x", padx=40, pady=8)

        btn_config = {
            "font": ("微软雅黑", 11),
            "width": 14,
            "height": 2,
            "relief": tk.RAISED,
            "bd": 1
        }

        tk.Button(btn_wrap, text="上传证件照片", bg="#3B82F6", fg="white", command=self.load_image, **btn_config).grid(
            row=0, column=0, padx=5, pady=12)
        tk.Button(btn_wrap, text="纯白色背景", bg="#FFFFFF", fg="#000000",
                  command=lambda: self.do_replace_bg((255, 255, 255)), **btn_config).grid(row=0, column=1, padx=5,
                                                                                          pady=12)
        tk.Button(btn_wrap, text="身份证红底", bg="#DC2626", fg="white",
                  command=lambda: self.do_replace_bg((220, 0, 0)), **btn_config).grid(row=0, column=2, padx=5, pady=12)
        tk.Button(btn_wrap, text="公考标准蓝底", bg="#2563EB", fg="white",
                  command=lambda: self.do_replace_bg((67, 142, 219)), **btn_config).grid(row=0, column=3, padx=5,
                                                                                         pady=12)
        tk.Button(btn_wrap, text="保存成品图片", bg="#10B981", fg="white", command=self.save_output, **btn_config).grid(
            row=0, column=4, padx=5, pady=12)

        for col in range(5):
            btn_wrap.grid_columnconfigure(col, weight=1)

        # ====================== 最底部提示说明 ======================
        tip_label = tk.Label(
            self.root,
            text="💡 使用技巧：①纯白背景用阈值230-240 ②发丝羽化3-5效果最佳 ③白边力度1-3去光晕 ④边缘暗化30-50减少反光",
            font=("微软雅黑", 10),
            bg="#f0f4f9",
            fg="#475467"
        )
        tip_label.pack(pady=10)

    def fit_picture_to_box(self, pil_img):
        """图片等比例缩放，自适应固定预览框居中"""
        w, h = pil_img.size
        max_w = self.preview_w - 30
        max_h = self.preview_h - 30
        scale_ratio = min(max_w / w, max_h / h)
        new_w = int(w * scale_ratio)
        new_h = int(h * scale_ratio)
        try:
            return pil_img.resize((new_w, new_h), Image.Resampling.LANCZOS)
        except AttributeError:
            return pil_img.resize((new_w, new_h), Image.LANCZOS)

    def load_image(self):
        """上传图片"""
        path = filedialog.askopenfilename(
            title="选择证件照图片",
            filetypes=[("图片文件", "*.jpg *.jpeg *.png *.bmp"), ("所有文件", "*.*")]
        )
        if not path:
            return
        try:
            self.original_img = Image.open(path).convert("RGBA")
            self.processed_img = None
            show_img = self.fit_picture_to_box(self.original_img)
            tk_obj = ImageTk.PhotoImage(show_img)
            self.origin_display.image = tk_obj
            self.origin_display.config(image=tk_obj)
            self.result_display.config(image="")
        except Exception as e:
            messagebox.showerror("图片读取失败", f"错误信息：{str(e)}")

    def do_replace_bg(self, target_rgb):
        """核心抠图+去白边+发丝羽化算法（增强版）"""
        if self.original_img is None:
            messagebox.showwarning("操作提示", "请先点击【上传证件照片】选择图片！")
            return
        try:
            thresh = self.threshold_val.get()
            blur_r = self.blur_val.get()
            erode_times = self.erode_val.get()
            edge_dark = self.edge_dark_val.get()

            img_w, img_h = self.original_img.size

            # 转换为numpy数组便于处理
            img_array = np.array(self.original_img)
            r_channel = img_array[:, :, 0]
            g_channel = img_array[:, :, 1]
            b_channel = img_array[:, :, 2]
            alpha_channel = img_array[:, :, 3] if img_array.shape[2] == 4 else np.ones((img_h, img_w)) * 255

            # 1. 创建精细蒙版 - 使用多通道判断
            # 计算亮度
            gray = 0.299 * r_channel + 0.587 * g_channel + 0.114 * b_channel
            mask_array = np.where(gray > thresh, 255, 0).astype(np.uint8)

            # 2. 形态学处理 - 先膨胀后腐蚀，去除噪点
            from scipy.ndimage import binary_erosion, binary_dilation, binary_closing
            mask_bool = mask_array > 128

            # 闭运算：先膨胀后腐蚀，填充小孔
            if erode_times > 0:
                # 多次腐蚀去除白边
                for _ in range(erode_times):
                    mask_bool = binary_erosion(mask_bool, structure=np.ones((3, 3)))
                # 膨胀恢复
                for _ in range(erode_times // 2 + 1):
                    mask_bool = binary_dilation(mask_bool, structure=np.ones((3, 3)))

            mask_array = mask_bool.astype(np.uint8) * 255

            # 3. 转换为PIL图像进行高斯模糊
            mask_pil = Image.fromarray(mask_array)

            # 边缘羽化 - 多层高斯模糊
            if blur_r > 0:
                for i in range(2):
                    mask_pil = mask_pil.filter(ImageFilter.GaussianBlur(radius=blur_r - i))

            # 4. 转换为numpy进行边缘暗化处理
            mask_final = np.array(mask_pil) / 255.0

            # 5. 创建person_mask（人像区域）
            person_mask = 1 - mask_final

            # 6. 边缘暗化 - 针对边缘过渡区域
            if edge_dark > 0:
                # 检测边缘过渡区域（mask在0.1-0.9之间的区域）
                edge_region = (mask_final > 0.05) & (mask_final < 0.95)
                dark_factor = 1 - (edge_dark / 100) * np.abs(mask_final - 0.5) * 2
                # 应用到RGB通道
                for c in range(3):
                    img_array[:, :, c] = img_array[:, :, c] * person_mask + img_array[:, :,
                                                                            c] * mask_final * dark_factor
            else:
                # 简单合成
                for c in range(3):
                    img_array[:, :, c] = img_array[:, :, c] * person_mask + target_rgb[c] * mask_final

            # 8. 合成新背景
            result_img = Image.fromarray(img_array.astype(np.uint8))
            self.processed_img = result_img.convert("RGB")

            # 右侧预览渲染
            preview_img = self.fit_picture_to_box(result_img)
            preview_tk = ImageTk.PhotoImage(preview_img)
            self.result_display.image = preview_tk
            self.result_display.config(image=preview_tk)

        except Exception as e:
            messagebox.showerror("背景替换失败", f"异常：{str(e)}\n请尝试调整参数后重试")

    def save_output(self):
        """保存处理完成的图片"""
        if self.processed_img is None:
            messagebox.showwarning("保存提示", "请先完成背景替换操作再保存！")
            return
        save_path = filedialog.asksaveasfilename(
            defaultextension=".jpg",
            filetypes=[("高质量JPG", "*.jpg"), ("PNG透明格式", "*.png")],
            title="保存证件照成品"
        )
        if not save_path:
            return
        try:
            self.processed_img.save(save_path, quality=98, subsampling=0)
            messagebox.showinfo("保存成功", f"文件已保存至：{os.path.basename(save_path)}")
        except Exception as e:
            messagebox.showerror("保存失败", f"错误：{str(e)}")


if __name__ == "__main__":
    root_window = tk.Tk()
    app = IDPhotoBgChanger(root_window)
    root_window.mainloop()