comrade

The term comrade is used to mean 'mate', 'colleague', or 'ally', and derives from the Spanish term camarada, literally meaning 'chamber mate', from Latin camera, meaning 'chamber' or 'room'. Political use of the term was inspired by the French Revolution, after which it grew into a form of address between socialists and workers. Since the Bolshevik Revolution, popular culture in the Western world has often associated it with communism. However, the term comrade is improperly attributed to Russian speakers, since Russians do not say comrade, but rather tovarisch (това́рищ 达瓦里希).

Upon abolishing the titles of nobility in France, and the terms monsieur and madame (literally, 'my lord' and 'my lady'), the revolutionaries employed the term citoyen for men and citoyenne for women (both meaning 'citizen') to refer to each other. The deposed King Louis XVI (10+5+1), for instance, was referred to as Citoyen Louis Capet to emphasize his loss of privilege.

When the socialist movement gained momentum in the mid-19th century, socialists elsewhere began to look for a similar egalitarian [平等主义的] alternative to terms like "Mister", "Miss", or "Missus". In German, the word Kamerad had long been used as an affectionate form of address among people linked by some strong common interest, such as a sport, a college, a profession (notably as a soldier), or simply friendship. The term was often used with political overtones in the revolutions of 1848, and was subsequently borrowed by French and English. In English, the first known use of the word comrade with this meaning was in 1884 in the socialist magazine Justice.

Latin camera, meaning 'chamber' or 'room'

在一间黑暗的小屋朝阳的墙上开一个小孔，人对着小孔站在屋外，屋里相对的墙上就出现了一个倒立的人影。为什么呢？墨家解释说，光穿过小孔如射箭一样，是直线行进的，人的头部遮住了上面的光，成影在下边，人的足部遮住了下面的光，成影在上边，就形成了倒立的影。小孔成像

A pinhole camera is a simple camera without a lens but with a tiny aperture /ˈæpətʃə/ [窄孔; 隙缝; 光圈] (the so-called pinhole) - effectively a light-proof [防光] box with a small hole in one side. Light from a scene passes through the aperture and projects an inverted image on the opposite side of the box, which is known as the camera obscura [dark] effect.

A pinhole is a tiny hole. A keyhole is the hole in a lock that you put the key in. Keyhole surgery is a surgical technique in which the surgeon inserts the instruments through small cuts in the patient's body, using as a guide an image provided by equipment inserted into the patient's body.

The camera obscura or pinhole image is a natural optical phenomenon. Early known descriptions are found in the Chinese Mozi writings and the Aristotelian [亚里士多德] Problems.

Mozi (/ˈmouˈtsiː/; Chinese: 墨子; pinyin: Mòzǐ; Wade–Giles: Mo Tzu /ˈmouˈtsuː/; Latinized as Micius /ˈmisiəs/; circa [about] 470 – c. 391 BC), original name Mo Di (墨翟), was a Chinese philosopher who founded the school of Mohism during the Hundred Schools [学派] of Thought period (early portion of the Warring States period of c.475–221 BC).

The first known description of pinhole photography is found in the 1856 book The Stereoscope by Scottish inventor David Brewster, including the description of the idea as "a camera without lenses, and with only a pin-hole". According to inventor William Kennedy Dickson, the first experiments directed at moving pictures by Thomas Edison and his researchers took place around 1887 and involved "microscopic pin-point photographs, placed on a cylindrical shell". The largest pinhole camera was created from an airplane hangar measuring 13.71 x 48.76 x 24.38 m (45 x 160 x 80 ft). The camera produced a photograph on canvas measuring 9.62 X 33.83 m.

A hangar is a large building in which aircraft are kept. A hanger is a curved piece of wood or metal with a hook on top, used for hanging clothes on. 一个是a，一个是e.

六级/考研单词: comrade, mate, derive, literal, chamber, inspire, revolve, socialism, seldom, attribute, abolish, noble, privilege, momentum, alternate, mister, affection, lens, invert, insert, equip, portion, accord, cylinder, airplane, canvas, curve, clothe