choke

Choking is one type of airway obstruction, which includes any blockage of the air-conducting passages. Choking occurs when breathing is impeded by a constricted or obstructed throat or windpipe. In some cases the air flow is completely blocked, in other cases some amount of air can pass to the lungs. Insufficient oxygen being delivered to the body will result in oxygen deprivation. Although oxygen stored in the blood and lungs can keep a person alive for several minutes after breathing stops, this sequence of events can lead to death. Choking was the fourth most common cause of unintentional injury-related death in the US in 2011.

Deaths from choking most often occur in the very young (children under 2 years old) and in the elderly (adults over 75 years). Obstruction of the airway can occur at the level of the pharynx [咽] or the trachea [气管]. Foods that can adapt their shape to that of the pharynx (such as bananas, marshmallows, or gelatinous [凝胶] candies) can be a danger not just for children but for persons of any age.

咽是口腔和鼻腔之后、食管以上的空腔处。咽是消化管道与呼吸管道的共同通道。咽分为鼻咽、口咽和喉咽。喉居于颈前正中，向上与喉咽相通。喉属于呼吸系统。

Choking typically happens when swallowing too large or too abundant mouthfuls that are badly chewed. This risk disappears when one obtains the discipline to split the food in pieces of moderated size, and to chew them completely, not swallowing them before.

The foods that produce the most complicated choking are those whose shape adapts to the shape of the pharynx or trachea: hot dogs and sausages, bananas, food in blocks, etc. It is easier to choke on foods that dry the mouth (overcooked meat, sponge cake, cold pizza, etc.), which require the help of drinking liquid, or to be accompanied of purees [蔬果泥/酱] or sauces.

All little children require care in eating. They must learn to chew their food completely to avoid choking. Feeding them while they do another activity (when they run, play, laugh, etc.) increases the risk of choking. Caregivers can supervise children while eating or playing.

Children can put small objects into their mouths (deflated balloons, marbles, small pieces, buttons, coins, button batteries, etc.), which could lead to the child swallowing or choking on them.

For the conscious choking victim, most protocols recommend encouraging the victim to cough, followed by hard back slaps and, if none of these things work, abdominal thrusts (Heimlich maneuver) or chest thrusts. Once the choking victims loses consciousness, initiating CPR is recommended.

海姆里克腹部冲击法(Heimlich Maneuver)也称为海氏手技，是美国医生海姆里克发明的。1974年他首先应用该法成功抢救了一名因食物堵塞了呼吸道而发生窒息的患者，从此该法在全世界被广泛应用，拯救了无数患者，其中包括美国前总统里根、纽约前任市长埃德、著名女演员伊丽莎白·泰勒等。

Chest compressions of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR): 心肺复苏。

The Heimlich Maneuver (abdominal thrusts) can be performed or can be self-administered. Self-administration of this maneuver requires positioning of one's own abdomen over a chair, railing, or countertop [台面. counter:柜台] and driving [冲撞] the abdomen upon the object with sharp, upward thrust. This serves as a substitute for thrusts made with the hands by another person. One study showed that these self-administered abdominal thrusts were just as effective as those performed by another person, although obese individuals were not included in the study. Alternatively, multiple sources of evidence suggest that one of promising approaches for self treatment during choking could be by applying the head-down (inverse) position.

In an internal combustion engine, a choke valve modifies the air pressure in the intake manifold [多支管], thereby altering the ratio of fuel and air quantity entering the engine. Choke valves are generally used in naturally aspirated engines with carburetors [汽化器; 化油器] to supply a richer fuel mixture when starting the engine. Most choke valves in engines are butterfly valves mounted in the manifold upstream from the carburetor jet to produce a higher partial vacuum, which increases the fuel draw.

In military strategy, a choke point (or chokepoint) is a geographical feature on land such as a valley, defile [山中的狭道] or bridge, or maritime passage through a critical waterway such as a strait, which an armed force is forced to pass through in order to reach its objective, sometimes on a substantially narrowed front and therefore greatly decreasing its combat effectiveness by making it harder to bring superior numbers to bear. A choke point can allow a numerically inferior defending force to use the terrain as a force multiplier to thwart or ambush a much larger opponent, as the attacker cannot advance any further without first securing passage through the choke point.

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2020年5月25日，警察肖万用膝盖跪压黑人男子弗洛伊德的颈部超过9分钟，并且在后者多次表示自己“无法呼吸”的情况下仍然没有停止，弗洛伊德随后不幸身亡，现场视频发布后，在全美和全球引发了“黑人的生命也珍贵”(Black Lives /laivz/ Matter - BLM)大规模游行示威。"I Can't Breathe" Horrific Video Shows Moment A Black Man Is Killed After A Police Officer Knelt On His Neck... The horrific death of a Black man named George Lloyd who died on Monday, May 25, after a Minneapolis police officer forced his knee into his neck to keep him pinned to the ground, has gotten the attention of the FBI.