cereal

A cereal is any grass cultivated (grown) for the edible components of its grain [谷粒], composed of the endosperm, germ, and bran [胚乳、胚芽和麸皮]. The term may also refer to the resulting grain itself (specifically "cereal grain"). Cereal grain crops are grown in greater quantities and provide more food energy worldwide than any other type of crop and are therefore staple crops. Edible grains from other plant families, such as buckwheat, quinoa and chia [荞麦、藜麦和荞麦], are referred to as pseudocereals [pseudo: 伪].

In their natural, unprocessed, whole grain form, cereals are a rich source of vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, oils, and protein. When processed by the removal of the bran, and germ, the remaining endosperm is mostly carbohydrate. In some developing countries, grain in the form of rice, wheat, millet [小米], or maize constitutes a majority of daily sustenance [食物]. In developed countries, cereal consumption is moderate and varied but still substantial. [切，美国胖子特别多。]

The word cereal is derived from Ceres [谷神], the Roman goddess of harvest and agriculture.

稻荷神御馔zhuàn津, aka [also known as] 骑驴少女，是生活在高天原的丰收之神，性格温柔平和的她，与相伴的灵狐一起过着与世无争的生活。作为荒的助手，却无法苟同，他对人类极端的看法。数千年过去，曾经的误解逐渐消散，当她刚开始想要去理解他人的固执时，却不知自己即将面对的，是怎样的命运。以朝阳为冠，披夜色为衣；白裙轻曳，幼狐绕膝，神乐铃在手中摇响。铃声中，充满着治愈的力量。

Agriculture allowed for the support of an increased population, leading to larger societies and eventually the development of cities. It also created the need for greater organization of political power (and the creation of social stratification), as decisions had to be made regarding labor and harvest allocation and access rights to water and land. Agriculture bred immobility, as populations settled down for long periods of time, which led to the accumulation of material goods.

The first cereal grains were domesticated by early primitive humans. About 8,000 years ago, they were domesticated by ancient farming communities in the Fertile Crescent region. Emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, and barley were three of the so-called Neolithic founder crops in the development of agriculture. Around the same time, millets and kinds of rice were starting to become domesticated in East Asia. Sorghum and millets were also being domesticated in sub-Saharan West Africa.

新月沃土或肥沃月弯是指西亚、北非地区、两河流域及附近一连串肥沃的土地，包括包黎凡特(Levant)和美索不达米亚等。

Cereals were the foundation of human civilization. Cereal frontiers coincided with civilizational frontiers. The term Fertile Crescent explicitly implies the spatial dependence of civilization on cereals. The Great Wall of China and the Roman limes demarcated [标出界限] the same northern limit of the cereal cultivation. The Silk Road stretched along the cereal belt of Eurasia [欧亚大陆]. Numerous Chinese imperial edicts stated: "Agriculture is the foundation of this empire," while the foundation of agriculture were the Five Grains.

“五谷”古代有多种不同说法，最主要的有两种：一种指稻、黍、稷、麦、菽；另一种指麻、黍、稷、麦、菽。前者有稻无麻，后者有麻无稻。古代经济文化中心在黄河流域，稻的主要产地在南方，而北方种稻有限，所以“五谷”中最初无稻。

Cereals determined how large and for how long an army could be mobilized. For this reason, Shang Yang called agriculture and war "the One." Guan Zhong, Chanakya (the author of Arthashastra) and Hannibal expressed similar concepts.

农战论是先秦主张将发展农业与战争二者密切结合起来，以图富国强兵的理论。“农战”亦称“耕战”。春秋时管仲提出“作内政而寄军令”的改革措施，主张采取寓兵于农，兵民结合的社会组织形式。战国中期商鞅为使秦国在封建兼并战争中取得胜利，大力推行农战政策，指出“国之所以兴者，农战也”，“国待农战而安，主待农战而尊”(《商君书·农战篇》)。在“农”与“战”的关系上，他认为农业的发展是进行战争的基础，因为只有农民才能提供人民与士兵所需要的粮食，提供战争所需的兵源。因此强调“治国之要”是“令民归心于农” (同上书，《农战篇》)，否则将国不自保。农民专心务农，朴实而易统治，便于统治者驱使去攻战防守。否则人民将“必不为上守战也”(《农战》)。

The Arthashastra is an Indian treatise [专题论文] on politics, economics, military strategy, the function of the state, and social organization attributed to the philosopher and Prime Minister Kautilya (also known as Chanakya, Vishnugupta, l. c. 350-275 BCE).

BCE: before common era, used after a date to show that it is before the birth of Christ.

c. about; approximately (Latin circa)

l. lived?

六级/考研单词: cereal, cultivate, edible, component, grain, compose, germ, thereby, staple, vitamin, carbohydrate, wheat, constitute, sustain, moderate, derive, harvest, allocate, accumulate, primitive, fertile, frontier, coincide, implicit, limelight, silk, imperial, mobilize, author, militant, attribute, prime, era, christ