bully

Bullying is the use of force, coercion, hurtful teasing or threat, to abuse, aggressively dominate or intimidate. The behavior is often repeated and habitual. One essential prerequisite is the perception (by the bully or by others) of an imbalance of physical or social power. This imbalance distinguishes bullying from conflict. 欺凌是指使用武力、胁迫、伤害性的嘲弄或威胁、虐待、积极支配或恐吓。这种行为经常是重复的和习惯性的。一个重要的先决条件是（被欺凌者或其他人）感觉到身体或社会力量的不平衡。这种不平衡将欺凌与冲突区分开来。

Bullying is a subcategory of aggressive behavior characterized by the following three criteria: (1) hostile intent, (2) imbalance of power, and (3) repetition over a period of time. Bullying is the activity of repeated, aggressive behavior intended to hurt another individual, physically, mentally, or emotionally. 欺凌是攻击性行为的一个子类，其特征是以下三个标准：（1）敌对意图，（2）权力不平衡，（3）在一段时间内重复。欺凌是一种重复的、攻击性的行为，旨在伤害另一个人的身体、心理或情感。

Bullying ranges from one-on-one, individual bullying through to group bullying, called mobbing, in which the bully may have one or more "lieutenants" who are willing to assist the primary bully in their bullying activities. Bullying in school and the workplace is also referred to as "peer abuse". 欺凌的范围从一对一的个人欺凌到群体欺凌，称为聚众欺凌。在聚众欺凌中，欺凌者可能有一个或多个愿意帮助主要欺凌者进行欺凌活动的“副手”。学校和工作场所的欺凌行为也被称为“同伴虐待”。

Robert W. Fuller has analyzed bullying in the context of rankism. Rankism is "abusive, discriminatory, and/or exploitative behavior towards people because of their rank in a particular hierarchy".

The Swedish-Norwegian researcher Dan Olweus says bullying occurs when a person is "exposed, repeatedly and over time, to negative actions on the part of one or more other persons", and that negative actions occur "when a person intentionally inflicts injury or discomfort upon another person, through physical contact, through words or in other ways". Individual bullying is usually characterized by a person behaving in a certain way to gain power over another person. 

Bullying may be defined in many different ways. In the United Kingdom, there is no legal definition of bullying, while some states in the United States have laws against it. Bullying is divided into four basic types of abuse – psychological (sometimes called emotional or relational), verbal, physical, and cyber. 欺凌行为可能有很多不同的定义。在英国，没有关于欺凌的法律定义，而美国的一些州有法律禁止欺凌。欺凌分为四种基本类型的虐待——心理虐待（有时称为情绪虐待或关系虐待）、言语虐待、身体虐待和网络虐待。

Behaviors used to assert such domination may include physical assault or coercion, verbal harassment, or threat, and such acts may be directed repeatedly toward particular targets. Rationalizations of such behavior sometimes include differences of social class, race, religion, gender, sexual orientation, appearance, behavior, body language, personality, reputation, lineage, strength, size, or ability. If bullying is done by a group, it is called mobbing. 用于维护这种支配地位的行为可能包括人身攻击或胁迫、言语骚扰或威胁，这些行为可能会反复针对特定目标。这种行为的合理化有时包括社会阶级、种族、宗教、性别、性取向、外貌、行为、肢体语言、个性、声誉、血统、力量、体型大小或能力的差异。如果欺凌行为是由一群人所做的，那就叫做暴徒。

央广网北京2016年2月18日消息（记者满朝旭 张加宁）据中国之声《新闻晚高峰》报道，2月17日，洛杉矶波莫那高等法院，美国南加州3名中国留学生施虐同胞案宣判了：这三人分别被判6年、10年到13年的监禁。撤销折磨罪后，三人的罪名为绑架、攻击、以及导致严重的人身伤害。刑满后，三人将被驱逐出境。[

另据中国法院网，南加凌虐案发生后，有位涉案留学生的父亲不远万里飞来贿赂受害人，想私下以金钱摆平此事，但被警方逮捕，锒铛入狱，吃上官司。

另据搜狐网，章鑫磊最开始是在一所教会高中就读，后来转学到牛津高中，而这所高中位于罗兰岗商业街背后，只有几间活动教室。该校的运动设施非常简陋：三个破旧的篮球架、一个排球网和一小片足球场，可每年的学费却高达1.3万美元。章鑫磊和其他一些国际学生一起上课，但他们大多数都来自中国。章鑫磊的父亲告诉记者，因为孩子的同学、朋友都是中国人，所以也没学几句英文。

A South Fayette High School sophomore claims to have been bullied all year at his new school located in McDonald, Pennsylvania. In February, the student made an audio recording of one bullying incident during his special education math class. Instead of questioning the students whose voices were recorded, school administrators threatened to charge him with felony wiretapping before eventually agreeing to reduce the charge to disorderly conduct. On Wednesday, March 19, the student, whose name we have agreed to not include in this story, was found guilty of disorderly conduct by District Judge Maureen McGraw-Desmet. [link] [link2] Maureen McGraw-Desmet is a judge of the Allegheny County Magisterial District Court 05-2-21 in Pennsylvania. Her current term ends on January 3, 2028. 

The word "bully" was first used in the 1530s meaning "sweetheart", applied to either sex, from the Dutch boel "lover, brother", probably diminutive of Middle High German buole "brother", of uncertain origin (compare with the German buhle "lover"). The meaning deteriorated through the 17th century through "fine fellow", "blusterer", to "harasser of the weak". This may have been as a connecting sense between "lover" and "ruffian" as in "protector of a prostitute", which was one sense of "bully" (though not specifically attested until 1706). The verb "to bully" is first attested in 1710.

In the past, in American culture, the term has been used differently, as an exclamation/exhortation, in particular famously associated with Theodore Roosevelt and continuing to the present in the bully pulpit, Roosevelt's coining and also as faint/deprecating praise ("bully for him").

A bully pulpit is a conspicuous position that provides an opportunity to speak out and be listened to. This term was coined by United States President Theodore Roosevelt, who referred to his office as a "bully pulpit", by which he meant a terrific platform from which to advocate an agenda. Roosevelt used the word bully as an adjective meaning "superb" or "wonderful", a more common usage at that time.

六级/考研单词: bully, tease, abuse, dominate, intimidate, seldom, habitat, indispensable, physics, criterion, hostile, lieutenant, peer, exposition, inflict, injure, discriminate, rank, hierarchy, unite, illicit, psychology, assert, harass, differentiate, gender, orient, repute, probable, uncertain, deteriorate, fellow, verb, exclaim, fame, ongoing, faint, praise, conspicuous, terrific, advocate, adjective, superb, usage