bell

A bell is a directly struck idiophone percussion instrument. Most bells have the shape of a hollow cup that when struck vibrates in a single strong strike tone, with its sides forming an efficient resonator. 钟是一种直接敲击的敲击乐器。大多数钟都有空心杯的形状，敲打时会以一种强烈的敲打音振动，两侧形成有效的谐振器。An idiophone [体鸣乐器] is any musical instrument that creates sound primarily by the vibration of the instrument itself, without the use of air flow。

Bells are usually cast from bell metal (a type of bronze) for its resonant properties, but can also be made from other hard materials; this depends on the function. 钟通常由铸钟金属（一种青铜）铸造而成，具有共振特性，但也可以由其他硬质材料制成；这取决于功能。

The earliest archaeological evidence of bells dates from the 3rd millennium BC, and is traced to the Yangshao culture of Neolithic China. The earliest metal bells, with one found in the Taosi site and four in the Erlitou site, are dated to about 2000 BC. Taosi (Chinese: 陶寺; pinyin: Táosì) is an archaeological site in Xiangfen County, Shanxi, China. 关于钟的最早考古证据可以追溯到公元前三千年，可以追溯到中国新石器时代的仰韶文化。最早的金属钟，一个在陶寺遗址发现，四个在二里头遗址发现，可以追溯到公元前2000年左右。

山西襄汾陶寺遗址是一处龙山时代的大型都邑类遗址，面积约300万平方米。距今4600~4000年前是传说中的尧舜时期。此时，冶金术已较为成熟，文字也创制成功，精美的玉器成为沟通天地人的神器，黄河、长江中下游已是城堡林立，文明与野蛮正在交织对抗。这就是夏商周文明历史之前的“龙山时代”，因发现于山东章丘龙山镇的史前文化遗址而得名，它在中华文明史中占据了600年之久。

二里头遗址，全国重点文物保护单位，中华文明探源工程首批重点六大都邑之一。它位于洛阳盆地东部的偃师区境内。其年代约为距今3800～3500年，相当于古代文献中的夏、商王朝时期。

Bianzhong of Marquis Yi of Zeng, dated 433 BC. 曾侯乙编钟，公元前433年。

In the western world, the common form of bell is a church bell or town bell, which is hung within a tower or bell cote. Such bells are either fixed in a static position ("hung dead") or mounted on a beam (the "headstock") so they can swing to and fro. 在西方世界，钟的常见形式是教堂钟或城镇钟，悬挂在塔楼或钟楼内。这种钟要么固定在静态位置（“挂死”），要么安装在横梁（“主轴箱”）上，以便来回摆动。

For Whom the Bell Tolls is a novel by Ernest Hemingway published in 1940. It tells the story of Robert Jordan, a young American volunteer attached to a Republican guerrilla unit during the Spanish Civil War. 《钟声为谁而鸣》是欧内斯特·海明威1940年出版的一部小说。它讲述了罗伯特·乔丹的故事，他是一名年轻的美国志愿者，在西班牙内战期间加入了一支共和党游击队。

The National Cathedral in Washington, D.C. rang its bell 900 times on Monday, in memory of the 900,000 lives claimed by Covid-19 pandemic. The global COVID-19 cases amounted to over 400,244,000, with more than 5,761,200 deaths worldwide on Tuesday, according to data from Johns Hopkins University. The United States has reported 76,768,287 cases and 904,718 deaths. The church rang the bell 800 times on Dec. 15, 2021 to commemorate the claimed lives of 800,000 Americans. 星期一，2019冠状病毒疾病爆发的900000个生命在华盛顿特区举行的国家大教堂900次鸣响。据约翰霍普金斯大学的数据2019冠状病毒疾病的全球死亡人数超过400244000人，星期二全球死亡人数超过5761200人。美国报告了768287例病例和904718例死亡。教堂于2021年12月15日鸣钟800次，纪念800000名美国人的生命。

• clear as a bell = very clear
• if something rings a bell, it reminds you of something, but you cannot remember exactly what it is
• sound as a bell = in perfect condition [sound: adj. 完好的; 健康的; 健全的; 无损伤的]

六级/考研单词: hollow, vibrate, bronze, trace, static, mount, beam, swing, toll, volunteer, partisan, nationwide, cathedral, globe, accord, data, unite, commemorate