Beer in China

Beer in China has become increasingly popular in the last century due to the popularity of local and imported brands. Chinese beer has also seen a rise in popularity internationally in the last few decades. While most Chinese beers are pale lagers, other styles are occasionally found, such as Tsingtao Dark Beer. 上个世纪，由于本地和进口品牌的流行，啤酒在中国越来越受欢迎。在过去几十年里，中国啤酒在国际上也越来越受欢迎。虽然大多数中国啤酒都是淡啤酒，但偶尔也会发现其他风格的啤酒，比如青岛黑啤酒。

Production and consumption of beer in China has occurred for around nine thousand years, with recent archaeological findings showing that Chinese villagers were brewing beer-type alcoholic drinks as far back as 7000 BC on small and individual scales. Made with rice, honey, grape, and hawthorn fruits, this early beer seems to have been produced similarly to that of ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. 中国啤酒的生产和消费已有大约9000年的历史，最近的考古发现表明，早在公元前7000年，中国村民就在小规模、个体化地酿造啤酒类酒精饮料。这种早期的啤酒由大米、蜂蜜、葡萄和山楂果制成，其生产方式似乎与古埃及和美索不达米亚相似。

Ancient Chinese beer was important in ancestral worship, funeral and other rituals of Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, and the beer was called as Lao Li (醪醴 in oracle bone script). However, after the Han Dynasty, Chinese beer faded from prominence in favor of huangjiu, which remained the case for the next two millennia. 中国古代的啤酒在夏、商、周的祖先崇拜、葬礼和其他仪式中很重要，这种啤酒被称为醪醴(甲骨文）。然而，汉朝之后，中国啤酒逐渐淡出人们的视线，取而代之的是黄酒，这种情况持续了两千年。

Modern beer brewing was not introduced into China until the end of 19th century, when Polish people established a brewery in Harbin, with another three following (also in Harbin), set up by Germans, Czechoslovaks and Poles respectively. Japanese also established in 1934 in Mukden Manchurian Beer, which later became Shenyang Snow Beer and then acquired in 1994 by China Resources Enterprises. 现代啤酒酿造直到19世纪末才传入中国，当时波兰人在哈尔滨建立了一家啤酒厂，另有三家（也在哈尔滨）分别由德国人、捷克斯洛伐克人和波兰人建立。1934年，日本人也在奉天创立了满洲啤酒，后来成为沈阳雪花啤酒，1994年被华润企业收购。

“抗战之前，北平双合盛酒厂出产的五星啤酒，驰名中外。七七事变发生、日军侵占平津之后，他们平素只知道太阳、樱花、麒麟等牌啤酒，从来没有喝过像五星牌的好酒。一尝之后，两个月不到，就把厂里储存一年的销售量喝得清洁溜溜，勒令该厂加工赶制。玉泉山的泉水潺潺，供应无缺，独缺酿酒主要原料啤酒花——是从德国进口的。无计可施，双合盛经理邹寅生灵机一动，弄来一麻袋槐花，蒸馏出来的水，颜色是绿莹莹，味道是苦涩涩的，且把槐花充作啤酒花。啤酒出厂，居然照样畅销，把日本军阀蒙混过去。光复之后到台湾，当时台北只有一个酒厂酿制啤酒，啤酒供应不上，也是采用槐花代替。啤酒槐树不多，就是槐花也时有匮乏，逼得用于菊花来顶替。用了两三年，直到买进德国的啤酒花才恢复正常。喜欢喝啤酒的朋友，做梦都想不到，当年台湾啤酒曾经用槐花、菊花作为啤酒花的代用品吧？ ” ——唐鲁孙

Snow Beer, produced by CR Snow is the best selling beer in China, holding 21.7% market share, having recently overtaken Tsingtao Beer, produced by Tsingtao Brewery, which is the brand most widely exported to other countries. Tsingtao Beer is brewed in the city of Qingdao (formerly spelled Tsingtao in EFEO Chinese transcription) which was a German base in the time of unequal treaties and late-colonial western influence in China. 华润雪花生产的雪花啤酒是中国最畅销的啤酒，占据21.7%的市场份额，最近已经超过了向其他国家出口最广泛的品牌青岛啤酒厂生产的青岛啤酒。青岛啤酒是在青岛市酿造的（在不平等条约和西方殖民后期影响中国时，青岛是德国的一个基地）。

Apart from Tsingtao, other major Chinese brewing groups include China Pabst Blue Ribbon, Yanjing, and Zhujiang Beer. Many major international brewers now have interests in, or joint ventures with, Chinese breweries, and popular international brands such as Carlsberg are now produced in China. 除青岛啤酒外，中国其他主要酿酒集团还包括中国柏斯特蓝带啤酒、燕京啤酒和珠江啤酒。现在，许多主要的国际啤酒制造商在中国啤酒厂中拥有权益，或与中国啤酒厂建立合资企业，嘉士伯（Carlsberg）等受欢迎的国际品牌现在都在中国生产。

Brewpubs are gaining popularity in China, primarily in major cities which have a resident western community, though there are a few exceptions in more remote locations like Bad Monkey Brewery in Dali Old Town, Yunnan. 啤酒吧在中国越来越受欢迎，主要是在居住着西方社区的主要城市，不过在云南大理老城的坏猴子啤酒吧等更偏远的地方也有一些例外。A brewpub is a pub or bar where the owners make their own beer and serve it on the premises [经营场所].

Tsingtao Brewery Co. Ltd. is China's second largest brewery, with about 15% of domestic market share. It was founded in 1903 by Bavarian settlers in Qingdao, Shandong province. Its logo displays an image of Zhanqiao, a pier on Qingdao's southern shore. 青岛啤酒有限公司是中国第二大啤酒厂，约占国内市场份额的15%。1903年由巴伐利亚定居者在山东青岛建立。它的标志展示了青岛南岸码头栈桥的形象。

Tsingtao Beer was introduced to the United States in 1972, and soon became the top-selling Chinese beer in the U.S. market; it has maintained this leadership within the United States ever since, despite increasing competition from other well known Chinese beer brands, Zhujiang and Yanjing. As of July 2018, distribution in the UK and Ireland is handled by C&C Group PLC. The Tsingtao brand is sold in 62 countries and regions around the world, and accounts for more than 50% of China's beer exports. 青岛啤酒于1972年引入美国，很快成为美国市场上最畅销的中国啤酒；尽管来自中国其他知名啤酒品牌珠江啤酒和燕京啤酒的竞争日益激烈，但自那以后，它一直保持着在美国的领先地位。截至2018年7月，英国和爱尔兰的分销由C&C集团有限公司负责。青岛啤酒品牌销往世界62个国家和地区，占中国啤酒出口的50%以上。

Tsingtao Beer, a well-hopped standard pale lager of 4.7% abv, is the flagship brew, accounting for most of the brewery's production. An unpasteurised version is sold as Tsingtao Draft Beer. Tsingtao Beer was long advertised as being "brewed with mineral water from the Laoshan Spring", which contributed to its characteristic flavor, but that now applies only to beer produced in Qingdao, and not to that produced in the company's other breweries. 青岛啤酒是旗舰啤酒，是一种啤酒花很好的标准淡啤酒，abv为4.7%。未经巴氏消毒的版本作为青岛生啤酒出售。长期以来，青岛啤酒一直被宣传为“用崂山矿泉水酿造”，这有助于其独特的风味，但现在这只适用于青岛生产的啤酒，而不适用于该公司其他啤酒厂生产的啤酒。

On January 23, 2009, Anheuser-Busch InBev announced that it was selling 19.9% to Asahi Breweries for $667 million. The sale will make Asahi Breweries, Ltd. the second largest shareholder in Tsingtao behind only the Tsingtao Brewery Group. On May 9, 2009 Anheuser-Busch InBev sold its remaining 7% to Chinese tycoon Chen Fashu (陈发树) for $235 million. In January 2017, Asahi Breweries announced that it would sell its 20 percent share in Tsingtao which it had owned since 2009; the value of this share of the company is estimated at US$1.1 billion. 从2009年到2017年，11亿/6.67亿=1.65. 差不多每年8.125%收益率。青岛啤酒摆脱外资，复星国际66亿接盘__财经头条 (sina.com.cn)