banner

banner不一定是横幅，也可以是竖着的。下面的中文(和许多其它词汇里的)基本上是百度翻译的结果。一来我懒得改，二来我也不知道比横幅更好的译文。[补充：条幅？]

A banner is a piece of cloth (fabric) of a specified size and color attached to a shaft with a cap, usually a metal tip in the shape of a spear or some other symbol.

横幅是一块特定尺寸和颜色的布（织物），用帽子固定在杆上，通常是长矛或其他符号形状的金属尖端。

States of the ancient East, India, China, and even some earlier states used banners as signs of the assembly and rallying point of warriors. Such banners consisted of some symbol on a high staff well visible from a great distance. Sometimes special boards or pieces of cloth with inscriptions and symbolic representations were attached to the staffs or crossbars. In ancient Rome, for instance, an eagle attached to a staff was the emblem of a legion.

古代的东方国家、印度、中国，甚至一些更早的国家都使用横幅作为战士集合和集结的标志。这样的横幅由一根高棍上的一些符号组成，从很远的地方就能看到。有时，带有铭文和象征性符号的特殊木板或布片会附在棍棒或横杆上。例如，在古罗马，附在杖上的鹰是军团的象征。

In the 11th century, coats of arms and later images of the cross and other holy Christian articles appeared on banners. The place of the banner in the combat formation, the honors to be rendered to it, the duties in protecting the banner, and the punishment for losing it were established for the first time in the 15th century in France. In the early 16th century the term "standard" replaced the term "banner" in cavalry units.

11世纪，条幅上出现了纹章和后来的十字架图案以及其他基督教圣物。旗帜在战斗队形中的位置、授予它的荣誉、保护旗帜的职责以及失去旗帜的惩罚在15世纪首次在法国确立。16世纪初，骑兵部队中的“条幅”一词被“旗帜”一词取代。

Banners were introduced in the Red Army in 1918. They were red in color; the size of the cloth and the content and design varied. The first banners were presented to units by party and Soviet organizations and workers of the factories and plants that participated in the formation of the unit.

1918年(苏联)红军开始使用横幅。它们是红色的；布料的大小、内容和设计各不相同。第一批横幅是由参与组建部队的党和苏维埃组织以及工厂的工人向部队展示的。

factory和plant基本上是同义词。A factory is a building or group of buildings in which goods are produced in large quantities, using machines，比如鞋厂。A plant is a factory or building where an industrial process happens，如发电厂不生产有形的货物。作协的不如做鞋的。

Banner是姓。Dr. Bruce Banner, Ph.D. a.k.a. [also known as] the Hulk [绿巨人]。