axe

An axe (sometimes ax in American English) is an implement that has been used for millennia to shape, split and cut wood, to harvest timber, as a weapon, and as a ceremonial or heraldic symbol. The axe has many forms and specialised uses but generally consists of an axe head with a handle, or helve.

斧子是一种工具，几千年来一直用于塑造、劈开和切割木材，收获木材，作为武器，以及作为仪式或纹章符号。斧子有多种形式和特殊用途，但通常包括一个斧子头和一个斧子柄。

Before the modern axe, the stone-age hand axe without a handle was used from 1.5 million years before present. Hafted axes (those with a handle) date only from 6000BC. The earliest examples of handled axes have heads of stone with some form of wooden handle attached (hafted) in a method to suit the available materials and use. Axes made of copper, bronze, iron and steel appeared as these technologies developed.

在现代斧头出现之前，石器时代的无柄手斧从150万年前开始使用。有柄轴（带手柄的轴）只能追溯到公元前6000年。最早的有柄斧头的例子是石头头，带有某种形式的木柄，其方法适合可用的材料和用途。随着这些技术的发展，铜、青铜、铁和钢制成的斧子也出现了。

The axe is an example of a simple machine, as it is a type of wedge, or dual inclined plane. This reduces the effort needed by the wood chopper. It splits the wood into two parts by the pressure concentration at the blade. The handle of the axe also acts as a lever allowing the user to increase the force at the cutting edge—not using the full length of the handle is known as choking the axe. For fine chopping using a side axe this sometimes is a positive effect, but for felling with a double bitted axe it reduces efficiency.

斧头是简单机器的一个例子，因为它是一种楔形或双斜面。这减少了伐木机所需的工作量。它通过刀片处的压力集中将木材分成两部分。斧头的手柄还起到杠杆的作用，允许用户在不使用手柄全长的情况下增加切割边缘的力，这被称为扼住斧头。对于使用侧斧进行精细砍伐，这有时是一种积极的效果，但对于使用双口斧进行砍伐，这会降低效率。bit: the sharp part of a tool for cutting or making holes. bite-bit-bitten.

Felling is the process of cutting down trees, an element of the task of logging. The person cutting the trees is a feller. In hand felling, an axe, saw, or chainsaw is used to fell a tree, followed up by limbing and bucking in traditional applications. In the modern commercial logging industry, felling is typically followed by limbing and skidding. Bucking is the process of cutting a felled and delimbed tree into logs. A skidder is any type of heavy vehicle used in a logging operation for pulling cut trees out of a forest in a process called "skidding", in which the logs are transported from the cutting site to a landing.

砍伐是砍伐树木的过程，是伐木任务的一个组成部分。砍伐树木的人是伐木工人。在手工砍伐中，用斧头、锯子或链锯砍树，然后在传统应用中进行修剪和弯曲。在现代商业伐木业中，伐木后通常会进行立木和打滑。倒木是把一棵被砍倒的树砍成原木的过程。集材机是伐木作业中使用的任何类型的重型车辆，用于在一个称为“集材”的过程中将砍伐的树木从森林中拉出，在这个过程中，原木从采伐场运输到平台。fell既是fall的过去式，也是另一个动词(fells felling felled). 意思是cut/knock down.

A tomahawk is a type of single-handed ax native to the many Indigenous peoples and nations of North America, traditionally resembling a hatchet with a straight shaft.

战斧是一种单手斧头，原产于北美的许多土著民族和国家，传统上类似于直柄斧头。

Shang dynasty axe