apt

一般来说著名的 Linux 系统基本上分两大类：

RedHat 系列：Redhat、Centos、Fedora 等
Debian 系列：Debian、Ubuntu 等

• Dpkg (Debian系)：Ubuntu
• RPM (Red Hat系)：CentOS、Fedora

虽然RPM与DPKG有效的解决的软体的安装，移除与查询的需求。
但是在Linux上的套件管理还有一个很大的问题必须解决，就是各软体间的相依性(dependency)。
RPM与DPKG只能做到检查相依性，在安装或移除时告知相依性的不满足，皆下来就需要使用者自行去找出所需的套件来安装。
这样的确是有点不方便，因此产生了前端工具软体- APT及YUM。

apt

资料： https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/ubuntu-and-debian-package-management-essentials

update

• source list
  sudo apt-get update

• packages
  sudo apt-get upgrade

  sudo apt-get dist-upgrade

  it is a good idea to keep an eye on the packages to be r emoved, just in case some essential components are marked for removal.

download and install

sudo apt-get install -y package1 package2=version

• fix broken
  sudo apt-get install -f

  One common scenario where this may happen is when installing a .deb package with dpkg, which does not resolve dependencies.

• simulate (模仿)
  apt-get install -s package
  apt-get -s dist-upgrade

• download

  This will download the specified package(s) to the current directory.

  apt-get download package

  sudo apt-get source package

  To download the source of a package, you must have a corresponding deb-src line in your source.list file for apt.

source package:

1. a dsc description file

2. a package directory

3. the tarred and compressed package

install

sudo dpkg --install debfile.deb

sudo apt-get install -f

configure

sudo dpkg-reconfigure package

dpkg-reconfigure bash 设置默认的shell为bash

search

• find package
  apt-cache search package

  Any search preformed will look at the package names, as well as the full descriptions for packages.

• version
  apt-cache policy package

• deb-src
  sudo apt-cache showsrc xxx

uninstall

sudo apt-get remove package

This command leaves configuration files

sudo apt-get purge package

remove a package and all associated files

• dependency
  sudo apt-get autoremove
sudo apt-get --purge autoremove

  remove all of the associated configuration files from the dependencies being removed

• .deb

APT 底層包的是 dpkg, 而 dpkg 安裝 Package 時, 會將 *.deb 放在 /var/cache/apt/archives/ 如果需要重装Ubuntu时，可以把备份还原回去。这样就不能连上网络去大量更新系统软件包了

sudo apt-get autoclean
cleans obsolete deb-packages

sudo apt-get clean

info

apt-cache show package

dependency and reverse dependency

apt-cache showpkg package

apt-cache depends package

apt-cache rdepends package
reverse dependency: 反向依赖（谁需要我

.deb Package

dpkg --info debfile.deb
The target of this command should be the path to a .deb file

installed packages

dpkg -l

dpkg -l libyaml* dpkg will list all packages (whether installed or not) that contain that pattern

dpkg --get-selections

provides a list of all of the packages installed or removed but not purged

dpkg --get-selections libz*

search installed packages

Files Installed by a Package

package -> file

dpkg -L package

This will not include any configuration files that are generated by processes within the package 可以找到包的安装路径

file -> package

dpkg -S /path/to/file

any files that are moved into place by post installation scripts cannot be tied back to the package with this technique

Find Which Package Provides a File Without Installing It

sudo apt-get install apt-file
sudo apt-file update
sudo apt-file search /path/to/file

直接下载而来

Transferring Package Lists Between Systems

不同系统之间的进行安装包列表的export和import

repository

• PPA

• Add Repositories

apt tool

apt-get

update the local cache, and to make modifications to the live system.

apt-cache

query information about the available packages and their properties.