OS - 内核构建系统

 

参考文档：

* Linux源码树 Documentation/Changes 文档查看

 

总图

Linux整个构建系统的目的是生成一个可启动的二进制文件, zImage构建过程如下

第一步：内核初始化 make distclean, mrproper

第二步：内核配置  kconfig  make menuconfig, gconfig, xconfig

第三步：内核构建  kbuild, make all, zImage, modules

第四步：内核安装  make install, modules_install

 

一、内核初始化

kernel.org 或 git 获得linux 源码， 内核的初始状态

https://git.kernel.org/

解压内核

xz -cd linux-4.X.tar.xz | tar xvf -

 

有三种类型的kernel

* distribution kernels

Linux distributions (like Red Hat, Suse, or Ubuntu) will take a particular stable kernel and package it for their distribution. This is a distribution (or distro) kernel. Distributions may backport bug fixes to their kernels for 6 months, or even up to 2-4 years. Distribution kernels often lack new hardware support, so compiling with the latest stable kernel is recommended for newer systems.

 

* stable kernels

Stable kernels (without a -rcX) are released every 2-3 months when Linus feels all new features have been stablized. A particular stable kernel (like 3.1) will be updated with security and bug fixes, and newer versions will have a X.Y.Z designation, like 3.1.2.

 

* release candidate kernels

The release candidate kernels (signified with a -rcX numbering system) is the bleeding edge kernel that Linus Torvalds maintains. All new features are merged here during the two-week merge window.

 

注意：为了构建内核，需要以下工具 摘录于 Changes 文档

====================== ===============  ========================================
        Program        Minimal version       Command to check the version
====================== ===============  ========================================
GNU C                  3.2              gcc --version
GNU make               3.81             make --version
binutils               2.20             ld -v
util-linux             2.10o            fdformat --version
module-init-tools      0.9.10           depmod -V
e2fsprogs              1.41.4           e2fsck -V
jfsutils               1.1.3            fsck.jfs -V
reiserfsprogs          3.6.3            reiserfsck -V
xfsprogs               2.6.0            xfs_db -V
squashfs-tools         4.0              mksquashfs -version
btrfs-progs            0.18             btrfsck
pcmciautils            004              pccardctl -V
quota-tools            3.09             quota -V
PPP                    2.4.0            pppd --version
isdn4k-utils           3.1pre1          isdnctrl 2>&1|grep version
nfs-utils              1.0.5            showmount --version
procps                 3.2.0            ps --version
oprofile               0.9              oprofiled --version
udev                   081              udevd --version
grub                   0.93             grub --version || grub-install --version
mcelog                 0.6              mcelog --version
iptables               1.4.2            iptables -V
openssl & libcrypto    1.0.0            openssl version
bc                     1.06.95          bc --version
Sphinx\ [#f1]_           1.3            sphinx-build --version
====================== ===============  ========================================

 

在各大分发版本中安装

sudo apt-get install libncurses5-dev gcc make git exuberant-ctags bc libssl-dev #Ubuntu

sudo yum install gcc make git ctags ncurses-devel openssl-devel  # Redhat

sudo zypper in git gcc ncurses-devel libopenssl-devel ctags cscope #Suse

 

选择一个稳定的版本

git tag -l | less
git checkout -b stable v4.9

 

二、内核配置

有几种方式生成 .config 文件

* 复制当前.config 文件  (cp /boot/config-`uname -r`* .config)

* 使用默认配置config (make defconfig)

* 使用最小化config (ktest.pl make_min_config)

* 自定义config  (make menuconfig / make nconfig)

 

树莓派平台编译

make ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=arm-linux-gnueabihf- menuconfig  # 配置内核
make -jX   # X是CPU的核数
make modules  # 编译内核
make modules_install install # 安装模块
make install # 安装内核
reboot # 重启

 

三、内核分析工具

安装ctags + cscope

apt-get install ctags  # 安装
apt-get install cscope # 安装
make tags ARCH=arm
make cscope ARCH=arm

 

 

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