数据库基本管理

数据库基本管理

一.连接MySQL服务

1.连接方式

(1)客户端连接MySQL服务的方法
   命令行
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 (2)使用mysq1命令
- mysql  -h服务器IP  -u用户名   -p密码「数据库名]

- quit或exit退出

连接MySQL服务器时,最基本的用法是通过 -u 选项指定用户名、-p指定密码。密码可以写在命令行(如果不写,则出现交互,要求用户输入),当然基于安全考虑一般不推荐这么做:

[root@dbsvr1 ~]# mysql -uroot -p123456  		//紧挨着选项,不要空格
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 16
Server version: 5.7.17 MySQL Community Server (GPL)

Copyright (c) 2000, 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql> exit  								//退出已登录的mysql> 环境
Bye

 默认情况下,msyql命令会连接本机的MySQL服务。但在需要的时候,可以通过 -h 选项指定远程主机;

[root@dbsvr1 ~]# mysql -h 127.0.0.1 –uroot –p 
Enter password: 
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 17
Server version: 5.7.17 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql> exit  					//退出已登录的mysql环境
Bye

2.数据存储流程

客户端把数据存储到数据库服务器上的步骤

(1)连接数据库服务器

(2)建库                 //类似于文件夹

(3)建表                //类似于文件

(4)插入记录        //类似于文件内容

(5)断开连接

 

3.MySQL管理环境

. SQL命令使用规则
- SQL命令不区分字母大小写(密码、变量值除外)-每条SQL命令以;结束

一默认命令不支持Tab键自动补齐

- \c 终止sql命令

常用的SQL命令分类
-管理数据库使用SQL(结构化查询语言)
1 DDL数据定义语言如:create、alter、drop

2 DML 数据操作语言如:insert、update、delete

3 DCL 数据控制语言如:grant、revoke
4 DTL数据事物语言如:commit、rollback、savepoint

二.MySQL基本操作

1.库管理命令

(1)库名命名规则
 -仅可以使用数字、字母、下划线、不能纯数字

 -区分字母大小写,具有唯一性
 -不可使用指令关键字、特殊字符

(2)库类似于文件夹,用来存储表

-可以创建多个库,通过库名区分- show databases;
//显示已有的库
- select user();
//显示连接用户
- use库名;
//切换库
- select database();
//显示当前所在的库
- create database库名;
//创建新库
- show tables;
//显示已有的表
- drop database库名;
//删除库

1)查看现有的库

mysql> show  databases;                                //查看现有的库
+--------------------+
| Database            |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |  						//信息概要库
| mysql               |  						//授权库
| performance_schema |  						//性能结构库
| sys                  |  						//系统元数据库
+--------------------+
4 rows in set (0.15 sec)

2)切换/使用指定的库

mysql> use sys;                                        //切换到sys库
Database changed
mysql> select database(); 						   //确认当前所在的库
+------------+
| DATABASE() |
+------------+
| sys         |
+------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

切换到mysql库:

mysql> use mysql;                                      //切换到mysql库
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A

Database changed
mysql> select database();  						//确认当前所在的库
+------------+
| DATABASE() |
+------------+
| mysql      |
+------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

3)新建名为newdb的库,确认结果:

mysql> create database newdb;                     //新建名为newdb的库
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database            |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mydb                |  						//新建的mydb库
| mysql               |
| newdb               |  						//新建的newdb库
| performance_schema |
| sys                 |
+--------------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

4)删除指定的库

mysql> drop database newdb;                       //删除名为newdb的库
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> show databases; 						//确认删除结果,已无newdb库
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mydb               |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                 |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

2.表管理命令

(1)建表

-表存储数据的文件。

Mysql>create table库名.表名(         

            字段名1类型(宽度),         

            字段名2类型(宽度)

  ......        

) DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 ;     //指定中文字符集 ,可以给字段赋值中文

(2)表类似于文件

desc 库名.表名;     //查看表结构

drop table 库名.表名;   //删除表

3.记录管理命令

记录类似于文件里的行

select  *  from   库名.表名;       //查看表记录

insert    into  库名.表名   values(值列表);  //插入表记录  

update 库名.表名    set  字段=值;           //修改表记录

delete from 表名;                   //删除表记录

1)查看指定的库里有哪些表

查看mysql库里有哪些表:

mysql> use mysql;
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A

Database changed
mysql> show tables;
+---------------------------+
| Tables_in_mysql           |
+---------------------------+
| columns_priv              |
| db                        |
| engine_cost               |
| event                     |
| func                      |
| general_log               |
| gtid_executed             |
| help_category             |
| help_keyword              |
| help_relation             |
| help_topic                |
| innodb_index_stats        |
| innodb_table_stats        |
| ndb_binlog_index          |
| plugin                    |
| proc                      |
| procs_priv                |
| proxies_priv              |
| server_cost               |
| servers                   |
| slave_master_info         |
| slave_relay_log_info      |
| slave_worker_info         |
| slow_log                  |
| tables_priv               |
| time_zone                 |
| time_zone_leap_second     |
| time_zone_name            |
| time_zone_transition      |
| time_zone_transition_type |
| user                      |                     //存放数据库用户的表
+---------------------------+
31 rows in set (0.00 sec)

2)查看指定表的字段结构

当前库为mysql,查看columns_priv表的结构,以列表形式展现:

mysql> desc columns_priv\G  		//查看表结构,以列表形式展现,末尾不用分号
*************************** 1. row ***************************
  Field: Host
   Type: char(60)
   Null: NO
    Key: PRI
Default: 
  Extra: 
*************************** 2. row ***************************
  Field: Db
   Type: char(64)
   Null: NO
    Key: PRI
Default: 
  Extra: 
*************************** 3. row ***************************
  Field: User
   Type: char(32)
   Null: NO
    Key: PRI
Default: 
  Extra: 
*************************** 4. row ***************************
  Field: Table_name
   Type: char(64)
   Null: NO
    Key: PRI
Default: 
  Extra: 
*************************** 5. row ***************************
  Field: Column_name
   Type: char(64)
   Null: NO
    Key: PRI
Default: 
  Extra: 
*************************** 6. row ***************************
  Field: Timestamp
   Type: timestamp
   Null: NO
    Key: 
Default: CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
  Extra: on update CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
*************************** 7. row ***************************
  Field: Column_priv
   Type: set('Select','Insert','Update','References')
   Null: NO
    Key: 
Default: 
  Extra: 
7 rows in set (0.01 sec)

查看columns_priv表的结构,以表格形式展现:

mysql> desc columns_priv;  		//查看表结构,以表格形式展现末尾需要有分号
+-------------+----------------------------------------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+
| Field       | Type                                         | Null | Key | Default           | Extra                       |
+-------------+----------------------------------------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+
| Host        | char(60)                                     | NO   | PRI |                   |                             |
| Db          | char(64)                                     | NO   | PRI |                   |                             |
| User        | char(32)                                     | NO   | PRI |                   |                             |
| Table_name  | char(64)                                     | NO   | PRI |                   |                             |
| Column_name | char(64)                                     | NO   | PRI |                   |                             |
| Timestamp   | timestamp                                    | NO   |     | CURRENT_TIMESTAMP | on update CURRENT_TIMESTAMP |
| Column_priv | set('Select','Insert','Update','References') | NO   |     |                   |                             |
+-------------+----------------------------------------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

上述操作中,当引用非当前库中的表时,可以用“库名.表名”的形式。比如,切换为mysql库再执行“desc columns_priv;”,与以下操作的效果是相同的:

mysql> desc mysql.columns_priv;
+-------------+----------------------------------------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+
| Field       | Type                                         | Null | Key | Default           | Extra                       |
+-------------+----------------------------------------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+
| Host        | char(60)                                     | NO   | PRI |                   |                             |
| Db          | char(64)                                     | NO   | PRI |                   |                             |
| User        | char(16)                                     | NO   | PRI |                   |                             |
| Table_name  | char(64)                                     | NO   | PRI |                   |                             |
| Column_name | char(64)                                     | NO   | PRI |                   |                             |
| Timestamp   | timestamp                                    | NO   |     | CURRENT_TIMESTAMP | on update CURRENT_TIMESTAMP |
| Column_priv | set('Select','Insert','Update','References') | NO   |     |                   |                             |
+-------------+----------------------------------------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

3)在test库中创建一个名为pwlist的表

包括name、password两列,其中name列作为主键。两个字段值均不允许为空,其中密码列赋予默认空值,相关操作如下所述。

切换到mydb库:

mysql> use mydb;
Database changed

新建pwlist表:

mysql> create table pwlist(
    -> name char(16) not null,
    -> password char(48)default '',
    -> primary key(name)
    -> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.38 sec)

确认新创建的表:

mysql> show tables; 
+----------------+
| Tables_in_mydb |
+----------------+
| pwlist         |  								//新建的pwlist表
+----------------+
1 rows in set (0.01 sec)

查看pwlist表的字段结构:

mysql> desc pwlist;
+----------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field    | Type     | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| name     | char(16) | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
| password | char(48) | YES  |     |         |       |
+----------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.01 sec)

4)删除指定的表

删除当前库中的pwlist表:

mysql> drop table pwlist;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

确认删除结果:

mysql> show tables;
Empty set (0.00 sec)

5)在mydb库中创建一个学员表

表格结构及数据内容如表-1所示。

在MySQL表内存储中文数据时,需要更改字符集(默认为latin1不支持中文),以便MySQL支持存储中文数据记录;比如,可以在创建库或表的时候,手动添加“DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8”来更改字符集。

根据上述表格结构,创建支持中文的student表:

mysql> CREATE TABLE mydb.student(
    -> 学号 char(9) NOT NULL,
    -> 姓名 varchar(4) NOT NULL,
    -> 性别 enum('男','女') NOT NULL,
    -> 手机号 char(11) DEFAULT '',
    -> 通信地址 varchar(64),
    -> PRIMARY KEY(学号)
    -> ) DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;  				//手工指定字符集,采用utf8
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.31sec)

查看student表的字段结构:

mysql> DESC mydb.student;
+--------------+-------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field        | Type              | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------------+-------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| 学号         | char(9)           | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
| 姓名         | varchar(4)        | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| 性别         | enum('男','女')   | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| 手机号       | char(11)          | YES  |     |         |       |
| 通信地址     | varchar(64)       | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+--------------+-------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

查看student表的实际创建指令:

mysql> SHOW CREATE TABLE mydb.student;
+---------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|Table |Create Table                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             |
+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| student | CREATE TABLE `student` (
  `学号` char(9) NOT NULL,
  `姓名` varchar(4) NOT NULL,
  `性别` enum('男','女') NOT NULL,
  `手机号` char(11) DEFAULT '',
  `通信地址` varchar(64) DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`学号`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8                  |
+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

注意:若要修改MySQL服务的默认字符集,可以更改服务器的my.cnf配置文件,添加character_set_server=utf8 配置,然后重启数据库服务。

[root@dbsvr1 ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf  						//修改运行服务配置
[mysqld]
.. ..
character_set_server=utf8

[root@dbsvr1 ~]# systemctl restart mysqld  				//重启服务
.. ..
[root@dbsvr1 ~]# mysql –u root -p  
Enter password:
.. ..
mysql> SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'character%';  				//确认更改结果
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
| Variable_name            | Value                      |
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
| character_set_client     | utf8                          |
| character_set_connection | utf8                       |
| character_set_database   | utf8                       |
| character_set_filesystem | binary                     |
| character_set_results    | utf8                       |
| character_set_server     | utf8                       |
| character_set_system     | utf8                       |
| character_sets_dir       | /usr/share/mysql/charsets/ |
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
8 rows in set (0.03 sec)






 

 

posted @ 2022-02-13 23:42  东山有耳  阅读(134)  评论(0)    收藏  举报