Python基础（9）——多线程、多进程、单元测试
目录
一、多线程、多进程
1、多线程与单线程
2、计算线程耗费时间
3、多线程处理一个数据
4、如何等待子线程完成后，通知数据导出完成
5、参数与返回值
6、锁
7、守护线程
8、队列
6、线程池
10、进程
二、单元测试
1、unittest
2、测试报告
正文：
一、多线程多进程
进程：
一个程序，它是一组资源的集合
一个进程里面默认是有一个线程的
线程：
最小的执行单位
线程和线程之间是互相独立的
主线程等待子线程执行结束
线程和线程之间数据是共享的
1、多线程与单线程
单线程时：
import threading import time def clean(): print('打扫卫生') time.sleep(2) def xiyifu(): print('洗衣服') time.sleep(3) def cook(): print('做饭') time.sleep(1) #单线程方式 clean() xiyifu() cook()
多线程时：
# 多线程 import threading import time
def clean(): print('打扫卫生') time.sleep(2) def xiyifu(): print('洗衣服') time.sleep(3) def cook(): print('做饭') time.sleep(1)
t = threading.Thread(target=clean) #子线程 t2=threading.Thread(target=xiyifu) t3=threading.Thread(target=cook) t.start() t2.start() t3.start() print(threading.activeCount())#当前的线程数 time.sleep(4) print(threading.activeCount())
2、 计算线程耗费时间：
单线程耗费时间：
# #单线程方式 主线程 start_time=time.time() clean() xiyifu() cook() end_time=time.time() print(end_time-start_time)
多线程耗费时间：
# 多线程 start_time=time.time() t = threading.Thread(target=clean) #子线程 t2=threading.Thread(target=xiyifu) t3=threading.Thread(target=cook) t.start() t2.start() t3.start() end_time=time.time() print(end_time-start_time)
0.003统计的是主线程执行的时间
线程和线程之间是互相独立的
# 多线程 start_time=time.time() t = threading.Thread(target=clean) #子线程 t2=threading.Thread(target=xiyifu) t3=threading.Thread(target=cook) t.start() t2.start() t3.start() # 主线程等待子线程(要子线程启动后，否则变为串行) t.join() t2.join() t3.join() end_time=time.time() print(end_time-start_time)
3、多线程处理一个数据
def export_data(): print(threading.current_thread()) #当前是哪个线程在运行 time.sleep(random.randint(1,5)) print('export_data') for i in range(10): t=threading.Thread(target=export_data) t=t.start()
4、如何等待子线程完成后，通知数据导出完成：
法1：把启动的子线程放到list中，在循环调用t.join
法2：判断当前的线程数
#方法1： thread_list=[] for i in range(10): t=threading.Thread(target=export_data) thread_list.append(t) t = t.start() # if threading.current_thread()==1: # t.join() for t in thread_list: t.join() print('数据都导完了')
。。。
#方法2：等待多个子线程执行结束，判断当前线程数 for i in range(10): t=threading.Thread(target=export_data) t = t.start() while threading.active_count()!=1: pass print('数据都导完了')
5、多线程的参数与返回值
result_list=[] #存储返回值 def export_data2(db,excel): print(threading.current_thread()) print('export_data',db,excel) time.sleep(random.randint(1,5)) result_list.append(random.randint(1,5)) for i in range(10): t=threading.Thread(target=export_data2,args=['db1','a.xls']) t = t.start() while threading.active_count()!=1: pass
print ('数据都导完了')
。。。
练习：
使用多线程方式下载图片
import threading import requests import auto_install #自己写的小工具，md5加密使用 def down_load_pic(url): print('开始下载',url) r=requests.get(url) file_name=auto_install.InstallRequrie.md5(url)+'.jpg' with open(file_name,'wb') as fw: fw.write(r.content) urls = [ 'https://ss0.bdstatic.com/70cFuHSh_Q1YnxGkpoWK1HF6hhy/it/u=3353166494,2700282750&fm=26&gp=0.jpg', 'https://timgsa.baidu.com/timg?image&quality=80&size=b9999_10000&sec=1603003159808&di=7a97fdd275ec4e0fc4ab54bdb8a2e703&imgtype=0&src=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pc6.com%2Fup%2F2011-12%2F201112918444441530.jpg', 'https://timgsa.baidu.com/timg?image&quality=80&size=b9999_10000&sec=1603003159808&di=0ae20fe3bd8759c059cb4432938e4062&imgtype=0&src=http%3A%2F%2F5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com%2Fimages%2F20181209%2F38467a58f9264ca68eefa37719b4b739.jpeg', 'https://timgsa.baidu.com/timg?image&quality=80&size=b9999_10000&sec=1603003159807&di=5040439b916279a7106a7660b7e0168a&imgtype=0&src=http%3A%2F%2Fimg1.cache.netease.com%2Fcatchpic%2FE%2FE5%2FE5DD0A8099E2D28226465C6894F7A7A1.jpg' ] for url in urls: t=threading.Thread(target=down_load_pic,args=[url]) t.start() while threading.active_count()!=1: pass print('所有图片下载完成')
以上会启动线程过多导致死机，应使用：
import threading import requests import auto_install def down_load_pic(url): print('开始下载',url) r = requests.get(url) file_name = auto_install.InstallRequire.md5(url) + '.jpg' with open(file_name,'wb') as fw: fw.write(r.content) def down_load_pics(urls): print('开始下载',urls) for url in urls: r = requests.get(url) file_name = auto_install.InstallRequire.md5(url) + '.jpg' with open(file_name,'wb') as fw: fw.write(r.content) urls = [ 'https://ss0.bdstatic.com/70cFuHSh_Q1YnxGkpoWK1HF6hhy/it/u=3353166494,2700282750&fm=26&gp=0.jpg', 'https://timgsa.baidu.com/timg?image&quality=80&size=b9999_10000&sec=1603003159808&di=7a97fdd275ec4e0fc4ab54bdb8a2e703&imgtype=0&src=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pc6.com%2Fup%2F2011-12%2F201112918444441530.jpg', 'https://timgsa.baidu.com/timg?image&quality=80&size=b9999_10000&sec=1603003159808&di=0ae20fe3bd8759c059cb4432938e4062&imgtype=0&src=http%3A%2F%2F5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com%2Fimages%2F20181209%2F38467a58f9264ca68eefa37719b4b739.jpeg', 'https://timgsa.baidu.com/timg?image&quality=80&size=b9999_10000&sec=1603003159807&di=5040439b916279a7106a7660b7e0168a&imgtype=0&src=http%3A%2F%2Fimg1.cache.netease.com%2Fcatchpic%2FE%2FE5%2FE5DD0A8099E2D28226465C6894F7A7A1.jpg' ] for i in range(10): step = len(urls) / 10 t = threading.Thread(target=down_load_pics,args=[step]) while threading.active_count()!=1: pass #50线程，平均分配给每个线程 print('所有图片下载完成')
6、锁
线程和线程之间数据是共享的
import threading count = 0 lock=threading.Lock() def add(): global count for i in range(100000): lock.acquire() #加锁 count+=1 lock.release() #解锁 #方法2： #for i in range(100000): # with lock: # count+=1 for i in range(2): t=threading.Thread(target=add) t.start() while threading.active_count()!=1: pass print(count)
7、守护线程
不管子线程是否结束，主线程结束其他均结束
未设置守护线程
import threading import time import random def talk(name): print('正在和%s聊天'%name) time.sleep(random.randint(1,5)) print('和%s聊完了'%name) t = threading.Thread(target=talk,args=['yinluming']) # t.setDaemon(True)#设置为守护线程 t.start() t = threading.Thread(target=talk,args=['yinluming1']) # t.setDaemon(True)#设置为守护线程 t.start() t = threading.Thread(target=talk,args=['yinluming2']) # t.setDaemon(True)#设置为守护线程 t.start() t = threading.Thread(target=talk,args=['yinluming3']) # t.setDaemon(True)#设置为守护线程 t.start() print('退出qq')
设置守护线程
import threading import time import random def talk(name): print('正在和%s聊天'%name) time.sleep(random.randint(1,5)) print('和%s聊完了'%name) t = threading.Thread(target=talk,args=['yinluming']) t.setDaemon(True)#设置为守护线程 t.start() t = threading.Thread(target=talk,args=['yinluming1']) t.setDaemon(True)#设置为守护线程 t.start() t = threading.Thread(target=talk,args=['yinluming2']) t.setDaemon(True)#设置为守护线程 t.start() t = threading.Thread(target=talk,args=['yinluming3']) t.setDaemon(True)#设置为守护线程 t.start() # with threading.active_count()!=1: # pass print('退出qq')
8、队列
#队列 import queue import random import time import threading order_q = queue.Queue() #生产者/消费者模式 def producer(): for i in range(100): order_id=random.randint(1,99999) print('订单生成,order_id:%s'%order_id) order_q.put(order_id) #放入队列 time.sleep(1) def consumer(): while True: if order_q.qsize()>1: order_id=order_q.get() #消费 print('订单落库:',order_id) t=threading.Thread(target=producer) t.start() t=threading.Thread(target=consumer) t.start()
多个消费者时：
def consumer(): while True: if order_q.qsize()>1: order_id=order_q.get() print('consumer1订单落库:',order_id) def consumer2(): while True: if order_q.qsize()>1: order_id=order_q.get() print('consumer2订单落库:',order_id) t=threading.Thread(target=producer) t.start() t=threading.Thread(target=consumer) t.start() t=threading.Thread(target=consumer2) t.start()
队列的作用：
1）异步处理
2）保证顺序
9、线程池
安装线程池模块：pip install threadpool
import threadpool import requests import auto_install import threading def down_load_pics(url): print(threading.current_thread()) print('开始下载',url) r=requests.get(url) file_name=auto_install.InstallRequrie.md5(url)+'.jpg' with open(file_name,'wb') as fw: fw.write(r.content) urls = ['https://q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=475566024&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=616745045&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=1473732204&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=974757912&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g? b=qq&nk=1649366257&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=1031884559&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=875197774&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=821254160&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=573865240&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=1390187782&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=794731904&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=752453244&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=21007874&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g? b=qq&nk=799547450&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=1072107057&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=1916515489&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=2472761190&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=516481730&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=769855584&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=1219841454&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=806930450&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=865020636&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g? b=qq&nk=294142908&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=602647962&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=429255693&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=455525857&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=173547362&s=140','https:// q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=739124752&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=947078208&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=846913816&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=1561131041&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g? b=qq&nk=1113092340&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=1123414020&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=584277761&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=694900554&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=2264715013&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=1345741814&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=623342455&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=1021283465&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=675600120&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g? b=qq&nk=2503297190&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=1765242270&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=2273747892&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=526962645&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=1522503760&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=690942492&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=705768596&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=2496140985&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=690763103&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g? 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b=qq&nk=917623040&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=516902394&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=382608430&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=304561494&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=247545894&s=140','https:// q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=418785462&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=990042616&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=595079628&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=1061982257&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g? b=qq&nk=875580931&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=821317585&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=41833737&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=170107630&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=270284132&s=140','https:// q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=401515395&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=729111761&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=657172434&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=707045247&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g? b=qq&nk=359147214&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=443142267&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=2539803416&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=752641005&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=498201529&s=140','https://q4.qlogo.cn/g?b=qq&nk=420394884&s=140'] pool=threadpool.ThreadPool(10) #有10个线程 # reqs=[] reqs = threadpool.makeRequests(down_load_pics,urls)#让他给每个线程分配 # [pool.putRequest(req) for req in reqs] for req in reqs: pool.putRequest(req) pool.wait() #等待线程执行结束
print('运行完成')
python的多线程是利用不了多核cpu的
全局解释器锁：GIL
cpu密集型任务：消耗cpu比较多；例如：排序、运算。。
io密集型任务：input/output；写文件、读文件、上传、下载
消耗io处理的-使用多线程
消耗cpu处理的-使用多进程
10、多进程
import multiprocessing import time # lock=multiprocessing.Lock() #也有锁 def make_money(): #也可以在进程里启线程 print('开始挣钱') time.sleep(10) def start_process(): for i in range(5): p=multiprocessing.Process(target=make_money) p.start() print(multiprocessing.active_children()) #获取当前进程数 while len(multiprocessing.active_children())!=1: pass print('运行结束') if __name__ == '__main__': #windows必须写 start_process()
二、单元测试
用于自己测自己写的代码。
单元测试框架
unittest
pytest
1、 unittest
#my_fuction.py def add(a,b): s=a+b return s #------------------------------------------------------------ import unittest import my_fuction class TestAdd(unittest.TestCase): #继承unittest.TestCase def test_add_normal(self): result=my_fuction.add(1,2) self.assertEqual(3,result) def test_add_error1(self): result=my_fuction.add(1,2) self.assertEqual(4,result) def test_add_error2(self): result=my_fuction.add(1,2) self.assertEqual(4,result,'正常整数加法没有通过') if __name__=='__main__': unittest.main()
2、测试报告
1）出报告
import unittest import my_fuction import HTMLTestRunner class TestAdd(unittest.TestCase): #继承unittest.TestCase def test_add_normal(self): result=my_fuction.add(1,2) self.assertEqual(3,result) def test_add_error1(self): result=my_fuction.add(1,2) self.assertEqual(4,result) def test_add_error2(self): result=my_fuction.add(1,2) self.assertEqual(4,result,'正常整数加法没有通过') if __name__=='__main__': test_suite=unittest.TestSuite() test_suite.addTest(TestAdd("test_add_error2")) with open('report.html','wb') as fw: runner = HTMLTestRunner.HTMLTestRunner( stream=fw,title='tmz测试报告', description='天马座接口测试报告', ) runner.run(test_suite)
2）出报告+控制台打印结果
if __name__=='__main__': # unittest.main() #1 无报告 # test_suite=unittest.TestSuite() #2单个运行某个测试用例 # test_suite.addTest(TestAdd("test_add_error1")) #2 # test_suite.addTest(TestAdd("test_add_error2")) #2 #运行某个类里面所有测试用例 test_suite = unittest.makeSuite(TestAdd) with open('report.html','wb') as fw: runner = HTMLTestRunner.HTMLTestRunner( stream=fw,title='tmz测试报告', description='天马座接口测试报告', verbosity=2 #控制台打印结果 ) runner.run(test_suite)
3）有饼状图分析报告
import unittest import my_fuction # import HTMLTestRunner import HTMLTestRunner_PY3 if __name__=='__main__': #运行某个类里面所有测试用例 test_suite = unittest.makeSuite(TestAdd) with open('report.html','wb') as fw: runner = HTMLTestRunner_PY3.HTMLTestRunner( stream=fw, title='tmz测试报告', description='天马座接口测试报告', verbosity=2 ) runner.run(test_suite)
4）报告中加用例描述
import unittest import my_fuction # import HTMLTestRunner import HTMLTestRunner_PY3 class TestAdd(unittest.TestCase): #继承unittest.TestCase '''测试add方法类''' def test_add_normal(self): '''正常测试加法的''' result=my_fuction.add(1,2) self.assertEqual(3,result) def test_add_error1(self): '''测试失败使用''' result=my_fuction.add(1,2) self.assertEqual(4,result) def test_add_error2(self): '''测试失败使用''' result=my_fuction.add(1,2) self.assertEqual(4,result,'正常整数加法没有通过') if __name__=='__main__': #运行某个类里面所有测试用例 test_suite = unittest.makeSuite(TestAdd) with open('report.html','wb') as fw: runner = HTMLTestRunner_PY3.HTMLTestRunner( stream=fw, title='tmz测试报告', description='天马座接口测试报告', verbosity=2 ) runner.run(test_suite)
5）py文件加作者
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
# @FileName :${NAME}.py
# @Time :${DATE} ${TIME}
# @Author :niuhanyang
# @Desc :
6）查看git上有谁修改过代码
7）找某个目录下的测试用例
if __name__=='__main__': # 4、查找某个目录下的测试用例 test_suite = unittest.defaultTestLoader.discover('cases', 'test_*.py') with open('report.html', 'wb') as fw: #HTMLTestRunner_PY3 runner = HTMLTestRunner_PY3.HTMLTestRunner( stream=fw, title='tmz测试报告', description='天马座接口测试报告', verbosity=2 ) runner.run(test_suite)
8）参数化
pip install parameterized
import unittest import my_fuction import HTMLTestRunner_PY3 import parameterized class TestAdd(unittest.TestCase): #继承unittest.TestCase '''测试add方法类''' def test_add_normal(self): '''正常测试加法的''' result=my_fuction.add(1,2) self.assertEqual(3,result) def test_add_error1(self): '''测试失败使用''' result=my_fuction.add(1,2) self.assertEqual(4,result) def test_add_error2(self): '''测试失败使用''' result=my_fuction.add(1,2) self.assertEqual(4,result,'正常整数加法没有通过') @parameterized.parameterized.expand( [ [1,2,3], [-1,2,1], [-1,2,2] ] ) def test_param_add(self,a,b,c): result = my_fuction.add(a,b) self.assertEqual(c,result,'预期结果是%s,实际结果是%s'%(c,result)) if __name__=='__main__': #3运行某个类里面所有测试用例 test_suite = unittest.makeSuite(TestAdd) with open('report.html','wb') as fw: #HTMLTestRunner_PY3 runner = HTMLTestRunner_PY3.HTMLTestRunner( stream=fw, title='tmz测试报告', description='天马座接口测试报告', verbosity=2 ) runner.run(test_suite)
step
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