C++11右值引用与移动构造函数

 

C++11标准新特性

右值引用(Rvalue Reference)是C++11标准引入的特性,它实现了转移语义和精确传递,主要的作用有2个方面:

  1. 消除两个对象交互时不必要的对象拷贝,节省运算存储资源,提高效率;
  2. 能够更简洁明确地定义泛型函数;

左值引用和右值引用

首先区分什么是左值引用和右值引用,简单的定义:

  • 左值引用:就是命名对象,非临时对象,可以在多条代码中使用的对象;我们通常的变量都是左值;
  • 右值引用:就指非命名对象,临时对象,脱离当前代码语句就无法被引用;比如 函数的返回值;

从左值和右值的定义可以得到,左值引用的对象创建后在代码其他地方会被多次使用,其资源的生命周期较长。而右值引用的对象是临时的,通常用来初始化另一个对象;临时对象创建后很快就会被销毁,其创建-销毁造成了一次资源浪费。既然临时对象将永远不会在其他地方被使用,实际上使用临时对象的资源来初始化另一个对象并不需要一次Copy;更高效的做法将临时对象的资源转移(Move)到另一个命名对象,避免资源的Copy和浪费。

左值和右值的语法符号

C++11中左值的声明符号为&,右值的声明符号为&&

 

#include <iostream>
#include <utility>
#include <vector>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
void print_value(int& i) {
    cout<< "left_value called: "<<i<<endl;
}
void print_value(int&& i) {
    cout<< "right_value called: "<<i<<endl;
}
void print_value_2(int&& i) {
    cout<< "right_value called: "<<i<<endl;
}

int main() {
    int a=0;
    print_value(a);
    print_value(1);
    print_value_2(a);
}

 

root@ubuntu:~/c++#  g++ -std=c++11 move.c  -o move
move.c: In function ‘int main()’:
move.c:20:20: error: cannot bind ‘int’ lvalue to ‘int&&   print_value_2(a);
                    ^
move.c:12:6: note:   initializing argument 1 of ‘void print_value_2(int&&)’
 void print_value_2(int&& i) {

 

#include <iostream>
#include <utility>
#include <vector>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
void print_value(int& i) {
    cout<< "left_value called: "<<i<<endl;
}
void print_value(int&& i) {
    cout<< "right_value called: "<<i<<endl;
}
void print_value_2(int&& i) {
    cout<< "right_value called: "<<i<<endl;
}

int main() {
    int a=0;
    print_value(a);
    print_value(1);
    //print_value_2(a);
}

 

root@ubuntu:~/c++# ./move
left_value called: 0
right_value called: 1
root@ubuntu:~/c++# 

print_value函数被重载,分别接受左值和右值a是命名对象,作为左值处理;而1是临时对象,作为右值处理。

 std::move

#include <iostream>
#include <utility>
#include <vector>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
void print_value(int& i) {
    cout<< "left_value called: "<<i<<endl;
}
void print_value(int&& i) {
    cout<< "right_value called: "<<i<<endl;
}
void print_value_2(int&& i) {
    cout<< "right_value called: "<<i<<endl;
}

int main() {
    int a=0;
    print_value(a);
    print_value(1);
    print_value_2(move(a));
}

 

 

 

root@ubuntu:~/c++# g++ -std=c++11  move.c -o move
root@ubuntu:~/c++# ./move
left_value called: 0
right_value called: 1
right_value called: 0
root@ubuntu:~/c++# 

 

 

转移语义

右值引用的主要目的是支持转移语义。转移语义可以将资源从一个对象转移到另一个对象,这样能够减少不必要的临时对象的创建、拷贝及销毁,能够大幅度提升C++的性能。临时对象的维护对性能有严重影响。

在C++中,对象的拷贝通过定义拷贝构造函数和拷贝赋值操作符实现。要实现转移语义,需要定义移动构造函数和移动赋值操作符。

转移构造函数和转移赋值操作符

首先直观的来看下各种构造函数的调用情况。假设我们已经实现了类MyClass

MyClass fn();        // 返回MyClass对象的函数
MyClass foo;        // 调用默认的构造函数
MyClass bar = foo;    // 调用Copy构造函数
MyClass baz = fn();    // 调用Move构造函数
foo = bar;            // 调用Copy赋值操作符
baz = MyClass();    // 调用Move赋值操作符

函数fn返回的对象和MyClass()构造的对象都是非命名临时对象,这种情况下没有必要作Copy,将其资源转移到命名对象更高效;所以移动构造函数和移动赋值操作符被调用。

Move构造函数和Move赋值操作符接受自身类对象的右值引用作为参数,其定义如下:

MyClass (MyClass&&);            //Move Constructor
MyClass& operator= (MyClass&&);    //Move Assignment

 

 

 

 

 

示例程序如下:

 //std::move(a); 
#include <iostream>
#include <utility>
#include <vector>
#include <string>
#include <string.h>
using namespace std;
class MyString {
private:
 char* _data;
 size_t   _len;
 void _init_data(const char *s) {
   _data = new char[_len+1];
   memcpy(_data, s, _len);
   _data[_len] = '\0';
 }
public:
 MyString() {
   _data = NULL;
   _len = 0;
   std::cout << "Default Constructor" << std::endl;
 }

 MyString(const char* p) {
   _len = strlen (p);
   _init_data(p);
   std::cout << "Constructor with: " << p << std::endl;
 }

MyString(MyString&& str) {
   std::cout << "Move Constructor is called! source: " << str._data << std::endl;
   _len = str._len;
   _data = str._data;
   str._len = 0;
   str._data = NULL;
}

MyString& operator=(MyString&& str) {
   std::cout << "Move Assignment is called! source: " << str._data << std::endl;
   if (this != &str) {
     _len = str._len;
     _data = str._data;
     str._len = 0;
     str._data = NULL;  //赋值为null
   }
   return *this;
}

virtual ~MyString() {
   if (_data) free(_data); //等于NULL就不需要free
 }
};

int main() {
 MyString a;
 a = MyString("Hello"); //临时对象
 std::cout << "-----------------" << std::endl;
 //MyString b = MyString("Test"); //注意与a输出的结果的差异
 //std::cout << "-----------------" << std::endl;

 //std::vector<MyString> vec; 
 //vec.push_back(MyString("World")); 
}

 

 

root@ubuntu:~/c++# g++ -std=c++11  move2.cpp -o move
root@ubuntu:~/c++# ./move
Default Constructor
Constructor with: Hello
Move Assignment is called! source: Hello
-----------------
root@ubuntu:~/c++# 

 

 

#include <iostream>
#include <utility>
#include <vector>
#include <string>
#include <string.h>
using namespace std;
class MyString {
private:
 char* _data;
 size_t   _len;
 void _init_data(const char *s) {
   _data = new char[_len+1];
   memcpy(_data, s, _len);
   _data[_len] = '\0';
 }
public:
 MyString() {
   _data = NULL;
   _len = 0;
   std::cout << "Default Constructor" << std::endl;
 }

 MyString(const char* p) {
   _len = strlen (p);
   _init_data(p);
   std::cout << "Constructor with: " << p << std::endl;
 }

MyString(MyString&& str) {
   std::cout << "Move Constructor is called! source: " << str._data << std::endl;
   _len = str._len;
   _data = str._data;
   str._len = 0;
   str._data = NULL;
}

MyString& operator=(MyString&& str) {
   std::cout << "Move Assignment is called! source: " << str._data << std::endl;
   if (this != &str) {
     _len = str._len;
     _data = str._data;
     str._len = 0;
     str._data = NULL;
   }
   return *this;
}

virtual ~MyString() {
   if (_data) free(_data);
 }
};

int main() {
 MyString a;
 std::cout << "-----------------" << std::endl;
 MyString b = MyString("Test"); //没有调move 构造函数
 std::cout << "-----------------" << std::endl;

}

 

 

root@ubuntu:~/c++# ./move
Default Constructor
-----------------
Constructor with: Test
-----------------

 

#include <iostream>
#include <utility>
#include <vector>
#include <string>
#include <string.h>
using namespace std;
class MyString {
private:
 char* _data;
 size_t   _len;
 void _init_data(const char *s) {
   _data = new char[_len+1];
   memcpy(_data, s, _len);
   _data[_len] = '\0';
 }
public:
 MyString() {
   _data = NULL;
   _len = 0;
   std::cout << "Default Constructor" << std::endl;
 }

 MyString(const char* p) {
   _len = strlen (p);
   _init_data(p);
   std::cout << "Constructor with: " << p << std::endl;
 }

MyString(MyString&& str) {
   std::cout << "Move Constructor is called! source: " << str._data << std::endl;
   _len = str._len;
   _data = str._data;
   str._len = 0;
   str._data = NULL;
}

MyString& operator=(MyString&& str) {
   std::cout << "Move Assignment is called! source: " << str._data << std::endl;
   if (this != &str) {
     _len = str._len;
     _data = str._data;
     str._len = 0;
     str._data = NULL;
   }
   return *this;
}

virtual ~MyString() {
   if (_data) free(_data);
 }
};

int main() {
 MyString b("Test"); //注意与a输出的结果的差异
 MyString a = b;
 std::cout << "-----------------" << std::endl;

}

 

root@ubuntu:~/c++# g++ -std=c++11  move2.cpp -o move
move2.cpp: In function ‘int main()’:
move2.cpp:55:15: error: use of deleted function ‘constexpr MyString::MyString(const MyString&)’
  MyString a = b;
               ^
move2.cpp:7:7: note: ‘constexpr MyString::MyString(const MyString&)’ is implicitly declared as deleted because ‘MyString’ declares a move constructor or move assignment operator
 class MyString { 
       ^
root@ubuntu:~/c++#

 

#include <iostream>
#include <utility>
#include <vector>
#include <string>
#include <string.h>
using namespace std;
class MyString {
private:
 char* _data;
 size_t   _len;
 void _init_data(const char *s) {
   _data = new char[_len+1];
   memcpy(_data, s, _len);
   _data[_len] = '\0';
 }
public:
 MyString() {
   _data = NULL;
   _len = 0;
   std::cout << "Default Constructor" << std::endl;
 }

 MyString(const char* p) {
   _len = strlen (p);
   _init_data(p);
   std::cout << "Constructor with: " << p << std::endl;
 }

MyString(MyString&& str) {
   std::cout << "Move Constructor is called! source: " << str._data << std::endl;
   _len = str._len;
   _data = str._data;
   str._len = 0;
   str._data = NULL;
}

MyString& operator=(MyString&& str) {
   std::cout << "Move Assignment is called! source: " << str._data << std::endl;
   if (this != &str) {
     _len = str._len;
     _data = str._data;
     str._len = 0;
     str._data = NULL;
   }
   return *this;
}

virtual ~MyString() {
   if (_data) free(_data);
 }
};

int main() {
 MyString b("Test"); //注意与a输出的结果的差异
 MyString a = move(b);
 std::cout << "-----------------" << std::endl;

}

 

root@ubuntu:~/c++# ./move
Constructor with: Test
Move Constructor is called! source: Test
-----------------
root@ubuntu:~/c++# 

 

 

#include <iostream>
#include <utility>
#include <vector>
#include <string>
#include <string.h>
using namespace std;
class MyString { 
private: 
 char* _data; 
 size_t   _len; 
 void _init_data(const char *s) { 
   _data = new char[_len+1]; 
   memcpy(_data, s, _len); 
   _data[_len] = '\0'; 
 } 
public: 
 MyString() { 
   _data = NULL; 
   _len = 0; 
   std::cout << "Default Constructor" << std::endl;
 } 
 
 MyString(const char* p) { 
   _len = strlen (p); 
   _init_data(p); 
   std::cout << "Constructor with: " << p << std::endl;
 } 
 
MyString(MyString&& str) { 
   std::cout << "Move Constructor is called! source: " << str._data << std::endl; 
   _len = str._len; 
   _data = str._data; 
   str._len = 0; 
   str._data = NULL; 
}
    
MyString& operator=(MyString&& str) { 
   std::cout << "Move Assignment is called! source: " << str._data << std::endl; 
   if (this != &str) { 
     _len = str._len; 
     _data = str._data; 
     str._len = 0; 
     str._data = NULL; 
   } 
   return *this; 
}
   
virtual ~MyString() { 
   if (_data) free(_data); 
 } 
}; 
 
int main() { 
 MyString a; 
 a = MyString("Hello"); 
 //std::move(a); 
 std::cout << "-----------------" << std::endl;
 MyString b = MyString("Test"); //注意与a输出的结果的差异
 std::cout << "-----------------" << std::endl;
 
 std::vector<MyString> vec; 
 vec.push_back(MyString("World")); 
}

 

root@ubuntu:~/c++#  g++ -std=c++11 obj.cpp  -o obj
root@ubuntu:~/c++# ./obj 
Default Constructor
Constructor with: Hello
Move Assignment is called! source: Hello
-----------------
Constructor with: Test
-----------------
Constructor with: World
Move Constructor is called! source: World

 

 

 

 

上述代码中,MyString("Hello")和MyString("World")都是临时对象,也就是右值;因此C++对右值调用了移动构造函数和移动赋值操作符,避免资源的创建、复制和销毁。

同时,注意到对象a和b两种逻辑等价的写法,导致了完全不同的行为。参考后面的文章《再探C++对象构造》。

移动构造函数和移动赋值操作符的实现需要注意以下几点:

  • 右值参数的符号必须是右值引用符号&&
  • 右值参数不能是const,因为我们需要修改右值
  • 右值参数的资源链接和标记必须修改,否则右值的析构函数会释放资源,转移到新对象的资源也就无效了

在设计实现需要大量分配和释放资源的类是,应该考虑使用移动构造函数和移动赋值操作符来提供效率。

 

#include <iostream>
#include <utility>
#include <vector>
#include <string>
#include <string.h>
using namespace std;
class MyString { 
private: 
 char* _data; 
 size_t   _len; 
 void _init_data(const char *s) { 
   _data = new char[_len+1]; 
   memcpy(_data, s, _len); 
   _data[_len] = '\0'; 
 } 
public: 
 MyString() { 
   _data = NULL; 
   _len = 0; 
   std::cout << "Default Constructor" << std::endl;
 } 
 
 MyString(const char* p) { 
   _len = strlen (p); 
   _init_data(p); 
   std::cout << "Constructor with: " << p << std::endl;
 } 
 
MyString(MyString&& str) { 
   std::cout << "Move Constructor is called! source: " << str._data << std::endl; 
   _len = str._len; 
   _data = str._data; 
   str._len = 0; 
   str._data = NULL; 
}
    
MyString& operator=(MyString&& str) { 
   std::cout << "Move Assignment is called! source: " << str._data << std::endl; 
   if (this != &str) { 
     _len = str._len; 
     _data = str._data; 
     str._len = 0; 
     str._data = NULL; 
   } 
   return *this; 
}
   
virtual ~MyString() { 
   if (_data) free(_data); 
 } 
}; 
 
int main() { 
 MyString a; 
 a = MyString("Hello"); 
 MyString(std::move(a)); 
}

 

root@ubuntu:~/c++#  g++ -std=c++11 obj.cpp  -o obj
root@ubuntu:~/c++# ./obj 
Default Constructor
Constructor with: Hello
Move Assignment is called! source: Hello
Move Constructor is called! source: Hello

 

int main() {
 MyString a;
 a = MyString("Hello");
 std::move(a);            
 //MyString(std::move(a)); 
}

 

root@ubuntu:~/c++# ./obj 
Default Constructor
Constructor with: Hello
Move Assignment is called! source: Hello
root@ubuntu:~/c++#

 

 

 

注意点

另外,C++编译器对很多需要调用移动构造函数的情况进行优化,也就是返回值优化,通常发生在当函数返回值被用于初始化一个对象时。这种情况下,移动构造函数不会被调用,会变为直接调用构造函数。

Compilers already optimize many cases that formally require a move-construction call in what is known as Return Value Optimization. Most notably, when the value returned by a function is used to initialize an object. In these cases, the move constructor may actually never get called.

还需要注意,右值引用很少用于移动构造函数之外的其他地方,非必要的使用会增加程序debug的难度。

posted on 2021-03-30 12:02  tycoon3  阅读(286)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报

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