机器学习——梯度下降法

Notation:

m=number of training examples

n=number of features

x="input" variables / features

y="output"variable/"target" variable

\((x^{(i)},y^{(i)})\) = the ith trainging example

\(h_\theta\) = fitting function

一、梯度下降法(Gradient Descent)(主要)

其中\(h_\theta(x)=\theta_0+\theta_1x_1+...+\theta_nx_n=\sum_{i=0}^{n}{\theta_ix_i}=\theta^T\)

假设损失函数为\(J(\theta)=\frac{1}{2}\sum_{i=1}^{m}{(h_\theta(x)-y)^2}\) , To minimize the \(J(\theta)\)

main idea: Initalize \(\theta\) (may \(\theta=\vec{0}\)) ,then keep changing \(\theta\) to reduce \(J(\theta)\) ,untill minimum

img

Gradient decent:

只有一个样本时,对第i个参数进行更新 \(\theta_i:=\theta_i-\alpha\frac{\partial }{\partial \theta_i}J(\theta)=\theta_i-\alpha(h_\theta(x)-y)x_i\)

Repeat until convergence(收敛):

{

\(\theta_i:=\theta_i-\alpha\sum_{j=1}^{m}(h_\theta(x^{(j)})-y^{j})x_i^{(j)}\) ,(for every i)

}

矩阵描述(简单):

Repeat until convergence(收敛):

{

\(\theta:=\theta -\nabla_\theta J\)

}

IF \(A\epsilon R^{n*n}\)

​ tr(A)=\(\sum_{i=1}^nA_{ii}\) :A的迹

\(J(\theta)=\frac{1}{2}(X\theta - \vec{y})^T(X\theta - \vec{y})\)

\(\nabla_\theta J=\frac{1}{2}\nabla_\theta (\theta^TX^TX\theta-\theta^TX^Ty-y^Tx\theta+y^Ty) =X^TX\theta-X^Ty\)

备注

当目标函数是凸函数时,梯度下降法的解才是全局最优解

二、随机梯度下降(Stochastic Gradient Descent )

Repeat until convergence:

{

​ for j=1 to m{

\(\theta_i:=\theta_i-\alpha(h_\theta(x^{(j)})-y^{j})x_i^{(j)}\) ,for every i

​ }

}

备注:

1.训练速度很快,每次仅仅采用一个样本来迭代;

2.解可能不是最优解,仅仅用一个样本决定梯度方向;

3.不能很快收敛,迭代方向变化很大。

三、mini-batch梯度下降

Repeat until convergence:

{

​ for j=1 to m/n{

\(\theta_i:=\theta_i-\alpha\sum_{j=1}^{n}(h_\theta(x^{(j)})-y^{j})x_i^{(j)}\) ,for every i

​ }

}

备注:

机器学习中往往采用该算法

参考地址:

https://www.cnblogs.com/pinard/p/5970503.html

posted @ 2020-01-19 14:27  呆子哥哥  阅读(221)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报