初识django
Django
socket 基于TCP协议的
浏览器相当于socket客户端
ftp 只要建立链接，就一直而已互相发消息
http 协议 短链接（只有一次交互），无状态（不会保存客户端的信息）
html中：get是从服务器上获取数据，post是向服务器传送数据。
http请求：规定http请求有自己的格式（规则）
1、请求
浏览器--->服务端
2、响应
服务端--->浏览器
规则：用\r\n\r\n来分割 头 和 内容，头中的每一个键值对用\r\n分割
请求内容：
请求header： # 是键值对的形式存的，每一个键值对用\r\n分割，header和body之间用\r\n\r\n分割
b'GET / HTTP/1.1 # GET是类型 后面" / "是URL路径 然后是HTTP版本
Host: 127.0.0.1:8080
Connection: keep-alive
Cache-Control: max-age=0
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/62.0.3202.75 Safari/537.36
Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8\r\nAccept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, br
Accept-Language: zh-CN,zh;q=0.9
'
请求体
b''
响应内容：
响应header：
HTTP/1.1 200 OK # 200是状态码
Date: Fri, 24 Nov 2017 02:17:37 GMT
Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
Transfer-Encoding: chunked
Connection: keep-alive
Vary: Accept-Encoding
Cache-Control: public, max-age=6
Expires: Fri, 24 Nov 2017 02:17:44 GMT
Last-Modified: Fri, 24 Nov 2017 02:17:14 GMT
X-UA-Compatible: IE=10
X-Frame-Options: SAMEORIGIN
Content-Encoding: gzip
响应体：
页面内容
实现一个web框架：
a、socket服务端
b、根据不同的url调用不同的函数
url 对应的函数 ，函数中放逻辑内容
c、返回内容
模板渲染（字符串替换）
python中的web框架：
1、a b c ---> tornado
2、第三方的a 自己写的b 自己写的c ---> Django
2、第三方的a 自己写的b 第三方的的c ---> flask
从另一方面分：
Django 大而全
其他
web应用 和 web server（uWsgi nginx）
WSGI协议
创建Django项目：django-admin startproject 项目名
启动django方法：
1、终端启动：切到项目的文件下或者直接写路径，然后执行 python manage.py runserver (可以加ip和端口，端口默认8080)
2、在pycharm中启动时启动项目文件myWeb
项目中的文件：
myWeb/
├── manage.py # 管理文件，终端启动是启动这个文件
└── mysite # 项目目录
├── __init__.py
├── settings.py # 放的是配置的相关信息
├── urls.py # 路由 --> URL和函数的对应关系
└── wsgi.py # webserver --> wsgiref模块
使用Django：
urls.py中的函数中的形参：
request 代表了所有请求相关的内容
request.method 拿到客户端发送的请求类型 get或者post
request.POST.get("xxx") 通过post拿到提交过来的数据
三件套：
HttpResponse 自动根据http规则发送
render 渲染文件
redirect 跳转到其他页面
模板语言：
for循环：
{"% for i in xx %"}
{{i}}
{% endfor %}
{{变量名}} 变量存放位置
配置文件中的设置：
templates 设置DIRS
中间件：CSRF 所在行注释
静态文件添加
STAICFILES-DIRS = ()/[]
注意外面是元组，要加逗号
这里外面也可以使用列表，这样就不用注意必须加逗号了
自己实现简单的web框架
第一步：
import socket sk = socket.socket() sk.bind(("127.0.0.1",8080)) sk.listen(5) while True: conn,addr = sk.accept() data = conn.recv(1024) print(data) conn.send(b"HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\nContent-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8\r\n\r\n") # http的规则, conn.send(bytes("<h1>啊哈哈哈</h1>",encoding="utf-8")) # 这里的编码格式需要和响应头的编码格式一致 conn.close()
第二步：
'''
不同的URL返回不同的内容
'''
import socket
sk = socket.socket()
sk.bind(("127.0.0.1",8080))
sk.listen(5)
while True:
conn,addr = sk.accept()
data = conn.recv(1024)
print(data)
# 转换类型
data_str = str(data,encoding="utf-8")
# 取到header
header = data_str.split("\r\n\r\n")[0]
# 取到第一行
tmp = header.split("\r\n")[0]
# 取到URL
url = tmp.split(" ")[1]
# 发送请求头
conn.send(b"HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\nContent-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8\r\n\r\n") # http的规则,
# 根据不同的URL返回不同的内容
if url == "/index/":
response = "这是主页。。。"
else:
response = "404"
# 发送内容
conn.send(bytes(response,encoding="utf-8")) # 这里的编码格式需要和响应头的编码格式一致
conn.close()
第三步：
'''
不同的URL返回不同的内容,加上for循环
'''
import socket
sk = socket.socket()
sk.bind(("127.0.0.1",8080))
sk.listen(5)
def index():
return "这是主页。。。"
def info():
return "这是个人信息页面"
# 存放url和对应的返回信息
url_func_list = [
("/index/",index),
("/info/",info)
]
while True:
conn,addr = sk.accept()
data = conn.recv(1024)
print(data)
# 转换类型
data_str = str(data,encoding="utf-8")
# 取到header
header = data_str.split("\r\n\r\n")[0]
# 取到第一行
tmp = header.split("\r\n")[0]
# 取到URL
url = tmp.split(" ")[1]
# 发送请求头
conn.send(b"HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\nContent-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8\r\n\r\n") # http的规则,
# 根据不同的URL返回不同的内容
func_name = None
for i in url_func_list:
if i[0] == url:
func_name = i[1]
break
if func_name:
response = func_name()
else:
response = "404"
# 发送内容
conn.send(bytes(response,encoding="utf-8")) # 这里的编码格式需要和响应头的编码格式一致
conn.close()
第四步：
'''
不同的URL返回不同的内容,加上for循环,返回内容位html页面的情况
'''
import socket
sk = socket.socket()
sk.bind(("127.0.0.1",8080))
sk.listen(5)
def login():
with open("login.html",encoding="utf-8") as f:
data = f.read()
return data
def index():
with open("index.html",encoding="utf-8") as f:
data = f.read()
return data
def info():
return "这是个人信息页面"
# 存放url和对应的返回信息
url_func_list = [
("/login/",login),
("/index/",index),
("/info/",info)
]
while True:
conn,addr = sk.accept()
data = conn.recv(1024)
print(data)
# 转换类型
data_str = str(data,encoding="utf-8")
# 取到header
header = data_str.split("\r\n\r\n")[0]
# 取到第一行
tmp = header.split("\r\n")[0]
# 取到URL
url = tmp.split(" ")[1]
# 发送请求头
conn.send(b"HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\nContent-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8\r\n\r\n") # http的规则,
# 根据不同的URL返回不同的内容
func_name = None
for i in url_func_list:
if i[0] == url:
func_name = i[1]
break
if func_name:
response = func_name()
else:
response = "404"
# 发送内容
conn.send(bytes(response,encoding="utf-8")) # 这里的编码格式需要和响应头的编码格式一致
conn.close()
第五步：
''' 不同的URL返回不同的内容,加上for循环,返回内容位html页面+后台拿数据的情况 ''' import socket,pymysql sk = socket.socket() sk.bind(("127.0.0.1",8080)) sk.listen(5) def login(): with open("login.html",encoding="utf-8") as f: data = f.read() return data def index(): with open("index.html",encoding="utf-8") as f: data = f.read() return data def info(): return "这是个人信息页面" def department(): with open("department.html","r",encoding="utf-8") as f: data = f.read() ret = "" # 连接数据库 conn = pymysql.connect(host="127.0.0.1", port=3306, user="root",pasword="", db="day45",charset="utf8") cursor = conn.cursor(cursor=pymysql.cursors.DictCursor) cursor.execute("select id,name from department") user_list = cursor.fetchall() cursor.close() conn.close() for i in user_list: ret += """ <tr> <td>{0}</td> <td>{1}</td> </tr> """.format(i["id"],i["name"]) new_data = data.replace("@@xx@@",ret) return new_data # 存放url和对应的返回信息 url_func_list = [ ("/login/",login), ("/index/",index), ("/info/",info), ("/department/",department) ] while True: conn,addr = sk.accept() data = conn.recv(1024) print(data) # 转换类型 data_str = str(data,encoding="utf-8") # 取到header header = data_str.split("\r\n\r\n")[0] # 取到第一行 tmp = header.split("\r\n")[0] # 取到URL url = tmp.split(" ")[1] # 发送请求头 conn.send(b"HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\nContent-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8\r\n\r\n") # http的规则, # 根据不同的URL返回不同的内容 func_name = None for i in url_func_list: if i[0] == url: func_name = i[1] break if func_name: response = func_name() else: response = "404" # 发送内容 conn.send(bytes(response,encoding="utf-8")) # 这里的编码格式需要和响应头的编码格式一致 conn.close()
要渲染的文件：
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="zh-CN"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <title>Title</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="bootstrap/css/bootstrap.min.css"> </head> <body> <h1>now in login</h1> <script src="jquery-3.2.1.min.js"></script> <script src="bootstrap/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script> </body> </html>
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="zh-CN"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <title>Title</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="bootstrap/css/bootstrap.min.css"> </head> <body> <h1>now in index</h1> <script src="jquery-3.2.1.min.js"></script> <script src="bootstrap/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script> </body> </html>
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="zh-CN"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <title>Title</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="bootstrap/css/bootstrap.min.css"> </head> <body> <table border="1"> <thead> <tr> <th>id</th> <th>name</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> @@xx@@ </tbody> </table> <script src="jquery-3.2.1.min.js"></script> <script src="bootstrap/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script> </body> </html>
用Django实现web项目：
#!/usr/bin/env python # 这里是管理文件，终端启动是启动这个文件，在pycharm中启动时启动项目文件 import os import sys if __name__ == "__main__": os.environ.setdefault("DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE", "myWeb.settings") try: from django.core.management import execute_from_command_line except ImportError: # The above import may fail for some other reason. Ensure that the # issue is really that Django is missing to avoid masking other # exceptions on Python 2. try: import django except ImportError: raise ImportError( "Couldn't import Django. Are you sure it's installed and " "available on your PYTHONPATH environment variable? Did you " "forget to activate a virtual environment?" ) raise execute_from_command_line(sys.argv)
""" Django settings for myWeb project. Generated by 'django-admin startproject' using Django 1.11.7. For more information on this file, see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.11/topics/settings/ For the full list of settings and their values, see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.11/ref/settings/ """ # 这里放的是配置的相关信息 import os # Build paths inside the project like this: os.path.join(BASE_DIR, ...) BASE_DIR = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))) # 上面的是当前的文件所在路径 # Quick-start development settings - unsuitable for production # See https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.11/howto/deployment/checklist/ # SECURITY WARNING: keep the secret key used in production secret! SECRET_KEY = '7x85w_atc381&af#lznn*0)$#je#qrc=q6=d1#7!(9$0@ko49*' # SECURITY WARNING: don't run with debug turned on in production! DEBUG = True ALLOWED_HOSTS = [] # Application definition INSTALLED_APPS = [ 'django.contrib.admin', 'django.contrib.auth', 'django.contrib.contenttypes', 'django.contrib.sessions', 'django.contrib.messages', 'django.contrib.staticfiles', ] MIDDLEWARE = [ 'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware', 'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware', 'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware', # 'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware', # 这句话目前可以先解释 'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware', 'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware', 'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware', ] ROOT_URLCONF = 'myWeb.urls' TEMPLATES = [ { 'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates', 'DIRS': [os.path.join(BASE_DIR, "templates")], # 这里是放的你要渲染的页面的路径 'APP_DIRS': True, 'OPTIONS': { 'context_processors': [ 'django.template.context_processors.debug', 'django.template.context_processors.request', 'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth', 'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages', ], }, }, ] WSGI_APPLICATION = 'myWeb.wsgi.application' # Database # https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.11/ref/settings/#databases DATABASES = { 'default': { 'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3', 'NAME': os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'db.sqlite3'), } } # Password validation # https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.11/ref/settings/#auth-password-validators AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS = [ { 'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.UserAttributeSimilarityValidator', }, { 'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.MinimumLengthValidator', }, { 'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.CommonPasswordValidator', }, { 'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.NumericPasswordValidator', }, ] # Internationalization # https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.11/topics/i18n/ LANGUAGE_CODE = 'en-us' TIME_ZONE = 'UTC' USE_I18N = True USE_L10N = True USE_TZ = True # Static myfile (CSS, JavaScript, Images) # https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.11/howto/static-files/ STATIC_URL = '/static/' STATICFILES_DIRS = ( os.path.join(BASE_DIR, "myfile"), # 这里是放的静态文件的路径 # 注意这里是元组，要加逗号 ) TEMPLATE_DIRS = (os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'templates'),)
"""myWeb URL Configuration The `urlpatterns` list routes URLs to views. For more information please see: https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.11/topics/http/urls/ Examples: Function views 1. Add an import: from my_app import views 2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: url(r'^$', views.home, name='home') Class-based views 1. Add an import: from other_app.views import Home 2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: url(r'^$', Home.as_view(), name='home') Including another URLconf 1. Import the include() function: from django.conf.urls import url, include 2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: url(r'^blog/', include('blog.urls')) """ # url和函数对应的关系 from django.conf.urls import url from django.contrib import admin from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse,render,redirect import pymysql def login(request): # request代表了客户端所请求的信息，这里是根据用户所请求的类型的不同来回以不同的内容 if request.method == "GET": return render(request,"login.html") else: if request.POST.get("username") == "alex" and request.POST.get("password") == "123": return redirect("http://www.baidu.com") else: print("aaaaaaaa") return render(request,"login.html",{"error_msg":"用户名或密码错误"}) def index(request): # 连接数据库 conn = pymysql.connect(host="127.0.0.1", port=3306, user="root",password="", db="day45",charset="utf8") cursor = conn.cursor(cursor=pymysql.cursors.DictCursor) cursor.execute("select id,name from department") user_list = cursor.fetchall() cursor.close() conn.close() return render(request,"index.html",{"user_list":user_list}) urlpatterns = [ # url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls), # 这个是Django默认的一个配置路径，目前不用先注释它 url(r'^login/',login), url(r'^index/',index) ]
""" WSGI config for myWeb project. It exposes the WSGI callable as a module-level variable named ``application``. For more information on this file, see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.11/howto/deployment/wsgi/ """ # 这里放的是webserver，wsgiref模块 import os from django.core.wsgi import get_wsgi_application os.environ.setdefault("DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE", "myWeb.settings") application = get_wsgi_application()
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="zh-CN"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <table border="1"> <thead> <tr> <th>id</th> <th>name</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> {# 下面是for循环 #} {% for i in user_list %} <tr> <td>{{ i.id }}</td> <td>{{ i.name }}</td> </tr> {% endfor %} </tbody> </table> </body> </html>
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="zh-CN"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <title>Title</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/mystyle.css"> </head> <body> <h4>now in login</h4> <h1>欢迎登陆</h1> <span class=""></span> <form action="/login/" method="post"> {#action中放的是数据提交到的路径#} <p><input type="text" name="username"></p> <p><input type="password" name="password"></p> <p><input type="submit" value="提交"></p> </form> {{ error_msg }} {# 这个地方是根据Django的规则放的变量，在后台处理的时候可以传递数据 #} </body> </html>
h1 { color: green; }
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