面向对象进阶

isinstance和issubclass

isinstance(obj, cls)检查时候obj是否是类cls的对象

class Foo(object):
     pass
  
obj = Foo()
  
isinstance(obj, Foo)

issubclass(sub, super)检查sub类是否是super类的派生类

class Foo(object):
    pass
 
class Bar(Foo):
    pass
 
issubclass(Bar, Foo)

 

__str__和__repr__

改变对象的字符串显示__str__, __repr__

自定制格式化字符串__format__

format_dict={
    'nat':'{obj.name}-{obj.addr}-{obj.type}',#学校名-学校地址-学校类型
    'tna':'{obj.type}:{obj.name}:{obj.addr}',#学校类型:学校名:学校地址
    'tan':'{obj.type}/{obj.addr}/{obj.name}',#学校类型/学校地址/学校名
}
class School:
    def __init__(self,name,addr,type):
        self.name=name
        self.addr=addr
        self.type=type

    def __repr__(self):
        return 'School(%s,%s)' %(self.name,self.addr)
    def __str__(self):
        return '(%s,%s)' %(self.name,self.addr)

    def __format__(self, format_spec):
        # if format_spec
        if not format_spec or format_spec not in format_dict:
            format_spec='nat'
        fmt=format_dict[format_spec]
        return fmt.format(obj=self)

s1=School('oldboy1','北京','私立')
print('from repr: ',repr(s1))
print('from str: ',str(s1))
print(s1)

'''
str函数或者print函数--->obj.__str__()
repr或者交互式解释器--->obj.__repr__()
如果__str__没有被定义,那么就会使用__repr__来代替输出
注意:这俩方法的返回值必须是字符串,否则抛出异常
'''
print(format(s1,'nat'))
print(format(s1,'tna'))
print(format(s1,'tan'))
print(format(s1,'asfdasdffd'))

class B:

     def __str__(self):
         return 'str : class B'

     def __repr__(self):
         return 'repr : class B'


b=B()
print('%s'%b)
print('%r'%b)

__del__

析构方法,当对象在内存中被释放,自动出发执行

注:此方法一般无需定义,因为python是一门高级语言,程序员在使用时无须关心内存分配和释放,因此此工作都是交给了python解释器来执行,析构函数的调用是有解释器在进行垃圾回收时自动触发执行的..

 

item系列

__getitem__, __setitem__, __delitem__

class Foo:
    def __init__(self,name):
        self.name=name

    def __getitem__(self, item):
        print(self.__dict__[item])

    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
        self.__dict__[key]=value
    def __delitem__(self, key):
        print('del obj[key]时,我执行')
        self.__dict__.pop(key)
    def __delattr__(self, item):
        print('del obj.key时,我执行')
        self.__dict__.pop(item)

f1=Foo('sb')
f1['age']=18
f1['age1']=19
del f1.age1
del f1['age']
f1['name']='alex'
print(f1.__dict__)

 

__new__

class A:
    def __init__(self):
        self.x = 1
        print('in init function')
    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        print('in new function')
        return object.__new__(A, *args, **kwargs)

a = A()
print(a.x)

class Singleton:
    def __new__(cls, *args, **kw):
        if not hasattr(cls, '_instance'):
            cls._instance = object.__new__(cls, *args, **kw)
        return cls._instance

one = Singleton()
two = Singleton()

two.a = 3
print(one.a)
# 3
# one和two完全相同,可以用id(), ==, is检测
print(id(one))
# 29097904
print(id(two))
# 29097904
print(one == two)
# True
print(one is two)

 

 

__call__

对象后面加括号,触发执行.

注:狗仔方法的执行是由创建对象触发的,即:对象 = 类名();而对__call__方法的执行时有对象后加括号触发,即: 对象()或者类()()

class Foo:

    def __init__(self):
        pass
    
    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):

        print('__call__')


obj = Foo() # 执行 __init__
obj()       # 执行 __call__

 

 

__len__

class A:
    def __init__(self):
        self.a = 1
        self.b = 2

    def __len__(self):
        return len(self.__dict__)
a = A()
print(len(a))

 

 

__hash__

class A:
    def __init__(self):
        self.a = 1
        self.b = 2

    def __hash__(self):
        return hash(str(self.a)+str(self.b))
a = A()
print(hash(a))

 

 

__eq__

class A:
    def __init__(self):
        self.a = 1
        self.b = 2

    def __eq__(self,obj):
        if  self.a == obj.a and self.b == obj.b:
            return True
a = A()
b = A()
print(a == b)