lamp

lamp简介

有了前面学习的知识的铺垫，今天可以来学习下第一个常用的web架构了。

所谓lamp，其实就是由Linux+Apache+Mysql/MariaDB+Php/Perl/Python的一组动态网站或者服务器的开源软件，除Linux外其它各部件本身都是各自独立的程序，但是因为经常被放在一起使用，拥有了越来越高的兼容度，共同组成了一个强大的Web应用程序平台。

LAMP指的是Linux（操作系统）、Apache（HTTP服务器）、MySQL（也指MariaDB，数据库软件）和PHP（有时也是指Perl或Python）的第一个字母，一般用来建立web应用平台。

web服务器工作流程

在说lamp架构平台的搭建前，我们先来了解下什么是CGI，什么是FastCGI，什么是......

web服务器的资源分为两种，静态资源和动态资源

静态资源就是指静态内容，客户端从服务器获得的资源的表现形式与原文件相同。可以简单的理解为就是直接存储于文件系统中的资源
动态资源则通常是程序文件，需要在服务器执行之后，将执行的结果返回给客户端

那么web服务器如何执行程序并将结果返回给客户端呢？下面通过一张图来说明一下web服务器如何处理客户端的请求

如上图所示

阶段①显示的是httpd服务器（即apache）和php服务器通过FastCGI协议进行通信，且php作为独立的服务进程运行

阶段②显示的是php程序和mysql数据库间通过mysql协议进行通信。php与mysql本没有什么联系，但是由Php语言写成的程序可以与mysql进行数据交互。同理perl和python写的程序也可以与mysql数据库进行交互

cgi与fastcgi

上图阶段①中提到了FastCGI，下面我们来了解下CGI与FastCGI。

CGI（Common Gateway Interface，通用网关接口），CGI是外部应用程序（CGI程序）与WEB服务器之间的接口标准，是在CGI程序和Web服务器之间传递信息的过程。CGI规范允许Web服务器执行外部程序，并将它们的输出发送给Web浏览器，CGI将web的一组简单的静态超媒体文档变成一个完整的新的交互式媒体。

FastCGI（Fast Common Gateway Interface）是CGI的改良版，CGI是通过启用一个解释器进程来处理每个请求，耗时且耗资源，而FastCGI则是通过master-worker形式来处理每个请求，即启动一个master主进程，然后根据配置启动几个worker进程，当请求进来时，master会从worker进程中选择一个去处理请求，这样就避免了重复的生成和杀死进程带来的频繁cpu上下文切换而导致耗时

httpd与php结合的方式

httpd与php结合的方式有以下三种：

modules：php将以httpd的扩展模块形式存在，需要加载动态资源时，httpd可以直接通过php模块来加工资源并返回给客户端
- httpd prefork：libphp5.so（多进程模型的php）
- httpd event or worker：libphp5-zts.so（线程模型的php）
CGI：httpd需要加载动态资源时，通过CGI与php解释器联系，获得php执行的结果，此时httpd负责与php连接的建立和断开等
FastCGI：利用php-fpm机制，启动为服务进程，php自行运行为一个服务，https通过socket与php通信

web工作流程

通过上面的图说明一下web的工作流程：

客户端通过http协议请求web服务器资源
web服务器收到请求后判断客户端请求的资源是静态资源或是动态资源
- 若是静态资源则直接从本地文件系统取之返回给客户端。
- 否则若为动态资源则通过FastCGI协议与php服务器联系，通过CGI程序的master进程调度worker进程来执行程序以获得客户端请求的动态资源，并将执行的结果通过FastCGI协议返回给httpd服务器，httpd服务器收到php的执行结果后将其封装为http响应报文响应给客户端。在执行程序获取动态资源时若需要获得数据库中的资源时，由Php服务器通过mysql协议与MySQL/MariaDB服务器交互，取之而后返回给httpd，httpd将从php服务器收到的执行结果封装成http响应报文响应给客户端。

安装httpd

[root@localhost ~]# wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo https://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/Centos-8.repo
--2021-01-03 03:13:56--  https://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/Centos-8.repo
正在解析主机 mirrors.aliyun.com (mirrors.aliyun.com)... 119.36.90.242, 119.36.224.205, 119.36.224.244, ...
正在连接 mirrors.aliyun.com (mirrors.aliyun.com)|119.36.90.242|:443... 已连接。
已发出 HTTP 请求，正在等待回应... 200 OK
长度：2595 (2.5K) [application/octet-stream]
正在保存至: “/etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo”

/etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Bas 100%[=========================================>]   2.53K  --.-KB/s  用时 0s      

2021-01-03 03:13:58 (69.5 MB/s) - 已保存 “/etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo” [2595/2595])

[root@localhost ~]# cd /etc/yum.repos.d/
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# ls
CentOS-Base.repo  redhat.repo  xx.repo
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# vim CentOS-Base.repo 
:%s/$releasever/8/g

[root@localhost yum.repos.d]#  yum install -y https://mirrors.aliyun.com/epel/epel-release-latest-8.noarch.rpmUpdating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identity
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
CentOS-8 - AppStream - mirrors.aliyun.com                                     708 kB/s | 6.3 MB     00:09    
CentOS-8 - Base - mirrors.aliyun.com                                          453 kB/s | 2.3 MB     00:05    
CentOS-8 - Extras - mirrors.aliyun.com                                        1.9 kB/s | 8.6 kB     00:04    
epel-release-latest-8.noarch.rpm                                              9.5 kB/s |  22 kB     00:02    
依赖关系解决。
==============================================================================================================
 软件包                      架构                  版本                     仓库                         大小
==============================================================================================================
Installing:
 epel-release                noarch                8-10.el8                 @commandline                 22 k

事务概要
==============================================================================================================
安装  1 软件包

总计：22 k
安装大小：32 k
下载软件包：
运行事务检查
事务检查成功。
运行事务测试
事务测试成功。
运行事务
  准备中      :                                                                                           1/1 
  Installing  : epel-release-8-10.el8.noarch                                                              1/1 
  运行脚本    : epel-release-8-10.el8.noarch                                                              1/1 
  验证        : epel-release-8-10.el8.noarch                                                              1/1 
Installed products updated.

已安装:
  epel-release-8-10.el8.noarch                                                                                

完毕！
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# sed -i 's|^#baseurl=https://download.fedoraproject.org/pub|baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com|' /etc/yum.repos.d/epel*
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# sed -i 's|^metalink|#metalink|' /etc/yum.repos.d/epel*
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# sed -i 's|$releasever|8|' /etc/yum.repos.d/epel*
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# yum clean all
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identity
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
29 文件已删除
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# yum makeache

下载源码包

[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install wget bzip2 gcc gcc-c++ make pcre-devel expat-devel libxml2-devel openssl-devel
[root@localhost ~]# wget https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/apache/httpd/httpd-2.4.46.tar.bz2
[root@localhost ~]# wget https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/apache//apr/apr-1.7.0.tar.gz
[root@localhost ~]# wget https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/apache//apr/apr-util-1.6.1.tar.gz

安装apr

[root@localhost ~]# tar xf apr-1.7.0.tar.gz
[root@localhost ~]# cd apr-1.7.0
[root@localhost apr-1.7.0]# vim configure
#    $RM "$cfgfile"
[root@localhost apr-1.7.0]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apr
[root@localhost apr-1.7.0]# make
[root@localhost apr-1.7.0]# make install

安装apr-util

[root@localhost ~]# tar xf apr-util-1.6.1.tar.gz 
[root@localhost ~]# cd apr-util-1.6.1
[root@localhost apr-util-1.6.1]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apr-util --with-apr=/usr/local/apr
[root@localhost apr-util-1.6.1]# make
[root@localhost apr-util-1.6.1]# make install

安装httpd

[root@localhost ~]# yum groups mark install "Development Tools"
[root@localhost ~]# useradd -r -M -s/sbin/nologin apache
[root@localhost ~]# tar xf httpd-2.4.46.tar.bz2 
[root@localhost ~]# cd httpd-2.4.46
[root@localhost httpd-2.4.46]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apache \
--sysconfdir=/etc/httpd24 \
--enable-so \
--enable-ssl \
--enable-cgi \
--enable-rewrite \
--with-zlib \
--with-pcre \
--with-apr=/usr/local/apr \
--with-apr-util=/usr/local/apr-util/ \
--enable-modules=most \
--enable-mpms-shared=all \
--with-mpm=prefork
[root@localhost httpd-2.4.46]# make
[root@localhost httpd-2.4.46]# make install

安装后配置

[root@localhost ~]# echo 'export PATH=/usr/local/apache/bin:$PATH' > /etc/profile.d/httpd.sh
[root@localhost ~]# source /etc/profile.d/httpd.sh
[root@localhost ~]# which apachectl
/usr/local/apache/bin/apachectl
[root@localhost ~]# ln -s /usr/local/apache/include/ /usr/include/httpd
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/man_db.conf 
MANDATORY_MANPATH                       /usr/local/apache/man
//取消ServerName前面的注释
[root@localhost ~]# sed -i '/#ServerName/s/#//g' /etc/httpd24/httpd.conf

安装mysql

[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install ncurses-devel openssl-devel openssl cmake mariadb-devel

[root@localhost ~]# useradd -r -M -s /sbin/nologin mysql
//下载二进制格式的mysql软件包
wget https://downloads.mysql.com/archives/get/p/23/file/mysql-5.7.31-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz
[root@localhost ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg  mysql-5.7.31-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz
[root@localhost ~]# tar xf mysql-5.7.31-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz -C /usr/local/
[root@localhost ~]# ln -s  /usr/local/mysql-5.7.31-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64 /usr/local/mysql
[root@localhost ~]# chown -R mysql.mysql /usr/local/mysql*
[root@localhost ~]# echo 'export PATH=/usr/local/mysql/bin:$PATH' > /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh
[root@localhost ~]# source /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh 
[root@localhost ~]# which mysql
/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /opt/data 
[root@localhost ~]# chown -R mysql.mysql /opt/data

初始化数据库

[root@localhost ~]# mysqld --initialize --user=mysql --datadir=/opt/data
2020-12-31T11:07:21.962073Z 0 [Warning] TIMESTAMP with implicit DEFAULT value is deprecated. Please use --explicit_defaults_for_timestamp server option (see documentation for more details).
2020-12-31T11:07:24.200037Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: New log files created, LSN=45790
2020-12-31T11:07:25.153456Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: Creating foreign key constraint system tables.
2020-12-31T11:07:25.234170Z 0 [Warning] No existing UUID has been found, so we assume that this is the first time that this server has been started. Generating a new UUID: 5ce04f70-4b58-11eb-96dc-000c29b5300b.
2020-12-31T11:07:25.234839Z 0 [Warning] Gtid table is not ready to be used. Table 'mysql.gtid_executed' cannot be opened.
2020-12-31T11:07:25.601752Z 0 [Warning] CA certificate ca.pem is self signed.
2020-12-31T11:07:25.887668Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for root@localhost: asSERV./1Ds,

配置mysql

[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
basedir = /usr/local/mysql
datadir = /opt/data
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
port = 3306
pid-file = /opt/data/mysql.pid
user = mysql
skip-name-resolve

启动脚本

[root@localhost ~]# cp /usr/local/mysql/support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysqld
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/init.d/mysqld
basedir=/usr/local/mysql
datadir=/opt/data

启动mysql

[root@localhost ~]# service mysqld start
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -root -p'asSERV./1Ds,'
mysql: error while loading shared libraries: libncurses.so.5: cannot open shared
object file: No such file or directory
[root@localhost ~]# yum whatprovides libncurses.so.5
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install ncurses-compat-libs
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p'asSERV./1Ds,'
mysql> set password = password('cb123');

安装php

[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install libxml2 libxml2-devel openssl openssl-devel bzip2 bzip2-devel libcurl libcurl-devel libicu-devel libjpeg libjpeg-devel libpng libpng-devel openldap-devel  pcre-devel freetype freetype-devel gmp gmp-devel libmcrypt libmcrypt-devel readline readline-devel libxslt libxslt-devel mhash mhash-devel
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install php*
[root@localhost ~]# source /etc/profile.d/php7.sh  
[root@localhost ~]# php -v
PHP 7.2.24 (cli) (built: Oct 22 2019 08:28:36) ( NTS )
Copyright (c) 1997-2018 The PHP Group
Zend Engine v3.2.0, Copyright (c) 1998-2018 Zend Technologies
    with Zend OPcache v7.2.24, Copyright (c) 1999-2018, by Zend Technologies
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl start php-fpm  //启动

配置apache

//启用httpd的相关模块
[root@localhost ~]# sed -i '/proxy_module/s/#//g' /etc/httpd24/httpd.conf
[root@localhost ~]# sed -i '/proxy_fcgi_module/s/#//g' /etc/httpd24/httpd.conf
[root@localhost ~]# chown -R apache.apache /usr/local/apache/htdocs/
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/httpd24/httpd.conf
<VirtualHost *:80>
DocumentRoot "/usr/local/apache/htdocs/csl.com"
ServerName www.csl.com
ProxyRequests Off
ProxyPassMatch ^/(.*\.php)$ fcgi://127.0.0.1:9000/usr/local/apache/htdocs/csl.com/$1
<Directory "/usr/local/apache/htdocs/csl.com">
Options none
AllowOverride none
Require all granted
</Directory>
</VirtualHost>
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/httpd24/httpd.conf
# If the AddEncoding directives above are commented-out, then you
# probably should define those extensions to indicate media types:
#
AddType application/x-compress .Z
AddType application/x-gzip .gz .tgz
AddType application/x-httpd-php .php 
AddType application/x-httpd-php-source .phps 
//重启apache服务
[root@localhost ~]# apachectl stop
[root@localhost ~]# apachectl start

验证

posted @ 2021-01-04 13:55 cbcbage 阅读(196) 评论(1) 收藏举报

刷新页面返回顶部