实验二：现代C++编程初体验

T.h

#pragma once
#include <string>
// 类T: 声明
class T {
    // 对象属性、方法
public:
    T(int x = 0, int y = 0); // 普通构造函数
    T(const T& t); // 复制构造函数
    T(T&& t); // 移动构造函数
    ~T(); // 析构函数
    void adjust(int ratio); // 按系数成倍调整数据
    void display() const; // 以(m1, m2)形式显示T类对象信息
private:
    int m1, m2;
    // 类属性、方法
public:
    static int get_cnt(); // 显示当前T类对象总数
public:
    static const std::string doc; // 类T的描述信息
    static const int max_cnt; // 类T对象上限
private:
    static int cnt; // 当前T类对象数目
    // 类T友元函数声明
    friend void func();
};
// 普通函数声明
void func();

 

 

T.cpp

#include "T.h"
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
// 类T实现
// static成员数据类外初始化
const std::string T::doc{ "a simple class sample" };
const int T::max_cnt = 999;
int T::cnt = 0;
// 类方法
int T::get_cnt() {
    return cnt;
}
// 对象方法
T::T(int x, int y) : m1{ x }, m2{ y } {
    ++cnt;
    std::cout << "T constructor called.\n";
}
T::T(const T& t) : m1{ t.m1 }, m2{ t.m2 } {
    ++cnt;
    std::cout << "T copy constructor called.\n";
}
T::T(T&& t) : m1{ t.m1 }, m2{ t.m2 } {
    ++cnt;
    std::cout << "T move constructor called.\n";
}
T::~T() {
    --cnt;
    std::cout << "T destructor called.\n";
}
void T::adjust(int ratio) {
    m1 *= ratio;
    m2 *= ratio;
}
void T::display() const {
    std::cout << "(" << m1 << ", " << m2 << ")";
}
// 普通函数实现
void func() {
    T t5(42);
    t5.m2 = 2049;
    std::cout << "t5 = "; t5.display(); std::cout << '\n';
}

 

task1.cpp

#include "T.h"
#include <iostream>
void test_T();
int main() {
    std::cout << "test Class T: \n";
    test_T();
    std::cout << "\ntest friend func: \n";
    func();
}
void test_T() {
    using std::cout;
    using std::endl;
    cout << "T info: " << T::doc << endl;
    cout << "T objects'max count: " << T::max_cnt << endl;
    cout << "T objects'current count: " << T::get_cnt() << endl << endl;
    T t1;
    cout << "t1 = "; t1.display(); cout << endl;
    T t2(3, 4);
    cout << "t2 = "; t2.display(); cout << endl;
    T t3(t2);
    t3.adjust(2);
    cout << "t3 = "; t3.display(); cout << endl;
    T t4(std::move(t2));
    cout << "t4 = "; t4.display(); cout << endl;
    cout << "test: T objects'current count: " << T::get_cnt() << endl;
}

 

问题一：会出错，

原因：类里面的声明只是说func是T的友元函数，但是并没有在命名空间里生成一个可用的符号声明

 

问题二：1：初始化类时调用，初始化x，y参数，默认为0

2：复制构造函数，将括号里的类复制到目标类中，当括号内是已有对象时调用

3：移动构造函数，将括号内的类资源移动到目标类，一般括号内是临时值时调用

4：析构函数，在类被销毁时触发

问题三：

不能，

static属于一个类，两个cpp文件都包含h头文件，会出现重复定义，但是static对象是不能重复定义的

 Complex.h

#pragma once
#include<string>

class Complex
{
private:
    
    double real, imag;
public:
    static const std::string doc;
    Complex& operator=(const Complex&) = default;
    Complex(double a = 0, double b = 0);
    Complex(const Complex &t);
    Complex(Complex&& t);
    ~Complex();
    
    double get_real() const;
    double get_imag() const;
    Complex& add(const Complex &t);
    friend  void output(const Complex &t);
    friend double abs(const Complex &t);
    friend Complex add(const Complex& a, const Complex& b);
    friend bool is_equal(const Complex& a, const Complex& b);
    friend bool is_not_equal(const Complex& a, const Complex& b);
};

void output(const Complex &t);
double abs(const Complex& t);
Complex add(const Complex& a, const Complex& b);
bool is_equal(const Complex& a, const Complex& b);
bool is_not_equal(const Complex& a, const Complex& b);

Complex.cpp

#include "Complex.h"
#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>

const std::string Complex::doc{ "a simplified complex class" };

Complex::Complex(double a, double b) :real{ a }, imag{ b } {}
Complex::Complex(const Complex& t) : real{t.real}, imag{ t.imag } {}
Complex::Complex(Complex&& t) : real{ t.real }, imag{ t.imag } {}
Complex::~Complex() {}

double Complex:: get_imag()const {
    return imag;
}

double Complex::get_real()const {
    return real;
}

Complex& Complex::add(const Complex& t){
    real += t.real;
    imag += t.imag;
    return *this;
}

void output(const Complex &t) {
    std::cout << t.real ;
    if (t.imag >= 0)
        std::cout << '+';
    std::cout<< t.imag << 'i';
}

double abs(const Complex& t) {
    double c = t.imag * t.imag + t.real * t.real;
    return sqrt(c);
}

Complex add(const Complex& a, const Complex& b) {
    Complex t3;
    t3.imag = a.imag + b.imag;
    t3.real = a.real + b.real;
    return t3;
}

bool is_equal(const Complex& a, const Complex& b) {
    if (a.imag == b.imag && a.real == b.real)
        return true;
    return false;
}

bool is_not_equal(const Complex& a, const Complex& b) {
    if (a.imag != b.imag || a.real != b.real)
        return true;
    return false;
}

task2.cpp

#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <complex>
#include "Complex.h"

void test_Complex();
void test_std_complex();
int main() {
    std::cout << "*******测试1: 自定义类Complex*******\n";
    test_Complex();
    std::cout << "\n*******测试2: 标准库模板类complex*******\n";
    test_std_complex();
}
void test_Complex() {
    using std::cout;
    using std::endl;
    using std::boolalpha;
    cout << "类成员测试: " << endl;
    cout << Complex::doc << endl << endl;
    cout << "Complex对象测试: " << endl;
    Complex c1;
    Complex c2(3, -4);
    Complex c3(c2);
    Complex c4 = c2;
    const Complex c5(3.5);
        cout << "c1 = "; output(c1); cout << endl;
    cout << "c2 = "; output(c2); cout << endl;
    cout << "c3 = "; output(c3); cout << endl;
    cout << "c4 = "; output(c4); cout << endl;
    cout << "c5.real = " << c5.get_real()
        << ", c5.imag = " << c5.get_imag() << endl << endl;
    cout << "复数运算测试: " << endl;
    cout << "abs(c2) = " << abs(c2) << endl;
    c1.add(c2);
    cout << "c1 += c2, c1 = "; output(c1); cout << endl;
    cout << boolalpha;
    cout << "c1 == c2 : " << is_equal(c1, c2) << endl;
    cout << "c1 != c2 : " << is_not_equal(c1, c2) << endl;
    c4 = add(c2, c3);
    cout << "c4 = c2 + c3, c4 = "; output(c4); cout << endl;
}
void test_std_complex() {
    using std::cout;
    using std::endl;
    using std::boolalpha;
    cout << "std::complex<double>对象测试: " << endl;
    std::complex<double> c1;
    std::complex<double> c2(3, -4);
    std::complex<double> c3(c2);
    std::complex<double> c4 = c2;
    const std::complex<double> c5(3.5);
    cout << "c1 = " << c1 << endl;
    cout << "c2 = " << c2 << endl;
    cout << "c3 = " << c3 << endl;
    cout << "c4 = " << c4 << endl;
    cout << "c5.real = " << c5.real()
        << ", c5.imag = " << c5.imag() << endl << endl;
    cout << "复数运算测试: " << endl;
    cout << "abs(c2) = " << abs(c2) << endl;
    c1 += c2;
    cout << "c1 += c2, c1 = " << c1 << endl;
    cout << boolalpha;
    cout << "c1 == c2 : " << (c1 == c2) << endl;
    cout << "c1 != c2 : " << (c1 != c2) << endl;
    c4 = c2 + c3;
    cout << "c4 = c2 + c3, c4 = " << c4 << endl;
}

 

 

 

问题一：标准库更简洁，有关联

问题二：是，都使用了private数据

否。

一些私有数据没有对外接口时，使用友元函数

问题三：显示写拷贝构造函数

 

PlayerControl.h

#pragma once
#include <string>
enum class ControlType { Play, Pause, Next, Prev, Stop, Unknown };
class PlayerControl {
public:
    PlayerControl();
    ControlType parse(const std::string& control_str); // 实现std::string -->ControlType转换
    void execute(ControlType cmd) const; // 执行控制操作（以打印输出模拟）
    static int get_cnt();
private:
    static int total_cnt;
};

 

 

PlayerControl.cpp

 

#include "PlayerControl.h"
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
#include <cctype>
int PlayerControl::total_cnt = 0;
PlayerControl::PlayerControl() {}
// 待补足
// 1. 将输入字符串转为小写，实现大小写不敏感
// 2. 匹配"play"/"pause"/"next"/"prev"/"stop"并返回对应枚举
// 3. 未匹配的字符串返回ControlType::Unknown
// 4. 每次成功调用parse时递增total_cnt
ControlType PlayerControl::parse(const std::string& control_str) {
    std::string str = control_str;
    std::transform(str.begin(), str.end(), str.begin(), ::tolower);
    PlayerControl::total_cnt++;
    if (str == "play") return ControlType::Play;
    else if (str == "pause") return ControlType::Pause;
    else if (str == "next") return ControlType::Next;
    else if (str == "prev") return ControlType::Prev;
    else if (str == "stop") return ControlType::Stop;
    else return ControlType::Unknown;
}
void PlayerControl::execute(ControlType cmd) const {
    switch (cmd) {
    case ControlType::Play: std::cout << "[play] Playing music...\n"; break;
    case ControlType::Pause: std::cout << "[Pause] Music paused\n"; break;
    case ControlType::Next: std::cout << "[Next] Skipping to next track\n"; break;
    case ControlType::Prev: std::cout << "[Prev] Back to previous track\n"; break;
    case ControlType::Stop: std::cout << "[Stop] Music stopped\n"; break;
    default: std::cout << "[Error] unknown control\n"; break;
    }
}
int PlayerControl::get_cnt() {
    return total_cnt;
}

 

task3.cpp

 

#include "PlayerControl.h"
#include <iostream>
void test() {
    PlayerControl controller;
    std::string control_str;
    std::cout << "Enter Control: (play/pause/next/prev/stop/quit):\n";
    while (std::cin >> control_str) {
        if (control_str == "quit")
            break;
        ControlType cmd = controller.parse(control_str);
        controller.execute(cmd);
        std::cout << "Current Player control: " << PlayerControl::get_cnt() << "\n\n";
    }
}
int main() {
    test();
}

思考题：将所有文件已UTF-8带签名保存，

在main后面加上SetConsoleOutputCP(CP_UTF8);

cout<<u8"emoji";可输出emoji

或者UTF-8无签名保存

在main后面加上SetConsoleOutputCP(CP_UTF8);

cout<<"emoji";

 

Fraction.h

 

#pragma once
#include <string>

class Fraction {
public:
    Fraction(int a = 0, int b = 1);
    Fraction(const Fraction& );
    int get_up() const;
    int get_down() const;
    Fraction negative()const;
    static const std::string doc;
    void simplify();
    int gcd(int a, int b);
private:
    int up, down;
    static int gcd2(int a, int b);

};

void output(const Fraction&);

Fraction add(const Fraction&, const Fraction&);

Fraction sub(const Fraction&, const Fraction&);

Fraction mul(const Fraction&, const Fraction&);

Fraction div(const Fraction&, const Fraction&);

 

Fraction.cpp

#include "Fraction.h"
#include <iostream>
#include <string>

const std::string Fraction::doc = "Fraction类 v 0.01版. 目前仅支持分数对象的构造、输出、加 / 减 / 乘 / 除运算.";

int Fraction::gcd2(int a, int b)
{
    while (b != 0)
    {
        int t = b;
        b = a % b;
        a = t;
    }
    return a;
}


Fraction::Fraction(int a, int b) : up { a }, down{b}{
    
}
Fraction::Fraction(const Fraction& other) :up{ other.up }, down{ other.down } {

}
int Fraction::get_up()const {
    int g = gcd2(abs(up), abs(down));
    return up/g;
}
int Fraction::get_down()const {
    int g = gcd2(abs(up), abs(down));
    return down/g;
}

Fraction Fraction::negative() const {
    return Fraction(-up, down);
}


void output(const Fraction& f) {

    Fraction temp = f;
    temp.simplify();


    if (temp.get_up() == 0 && temp.get_down() != 0)
        std::cout << 0;
    else if (temp.get_down() == 1)
        std::cout << temp.get_up();
    else if (temp.get_down() != 0 && temp.get_up() != 0)
            std::cout << temp.get_up() << "/" << temp.get_down();
    else
        std::cout << "分母不能为0";
}

Fraction add(const Fraction& a, const Fraction& b) {
    int u = a.get_up() * b.get_down() + b.get_up() * a.get_down();
    int d = a.get_down() * b.get_down();
    return Fraction(u, d);
}

Fraction sub(const Fraction& a, const Fraction& b) {
    int u = a.get_up() * b.get_down() - b.get_up() * a.get_down();
    int d = a.get_down() * b.get_down();
    return Fraction(u, d);
}

Fraction mul(const Fraction& a, const Fraction& b) {
    return Fraction(a.get_up() * b.get_up(), a.get_down() * b.get_down());
}

Fraction div(const Fraction& a, const Fraction& b) {
    if (b.get_up() == 0) return Fraction(a.get_up() * b.get_down(), 0);
    return Fraction(a.get_up() * b.get_down(), a.get_down() * b.get_up());
}
void Fraction::simplify() {
    int g = gcd(abs(up), abs(down));
    up /= g;
    down /= g;
    if (down < 0){
        up = -up;
        down = -down;
    }
}

int Fraction::gcd(int a, int b) {
    while (b != 0) {
        int t = a % b;
        a = b;
        b = t;
    }
    return a;
}

 

task4.cpp

#include "Fraction.h"
#include <iostream>
void test1();
void test2();
int main() {
    std::cout << "测试1: Fraction类基础功能测试\n";
    test1();
    std::cout << "\n测试2: 分母为0测试: \n";
    test2();
}
void test1() {
    using std::cout;
    using std::endl;
    cout << "Fraction类测试: " << endl;
    cout << Fraction::doc << endl << endl;
    Fraction f1(5);
    Fraction f2(3, -4), f3(-18, 12);
    Fraction f4(f3);
    cout << "f1 = "; output(f1); cout << endl;
    cout << "f2 = "; output(f2); cout << endl;
    cout << "f3 = "; output(f3); cout << endl;
    cout << "f4 = "; output(f4); cout << endl;
    const Fraction f5(f4.negative());
    cout << "f5 = "; output(f5); cout << endl;
    cout << "f5.get_up() = " << f5.get_up()
        << ", f5.get_down() = " << f5.get_down() << endl;
    cout << "f1 + f2 = "; output(add(f1, f2)); cout << endl;
    cout << "f1 - f2 = "; output(sub(f1, f2)); cout << endl;
    cout << "f1 * f2 = "; output(mul(f1, f2)); cout << endl;
    cout << "f1 / f2 = "; output(div(f1, f2)); cout << endl;
    cout << "f4 + f5 = "; output(add(f4, f5)); cout << endl;
}
void test2() {
    using std::cout;
    using std::endl;
    Fraction f6(42, 55), f7(0, 3);
    cout << "f6 = "; output(f6); cout << endl;
    cout << "f7 = "; output(f7); cout << endl;
    cout << "f6 / f7 = "; output(div(f6, f7)); cout << endl;
}

问题：自由函数/命名空间

友元函数权限过高不安全，静态成员函数只能通过传递参数或者使用静态数据，使用麻烦