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MySQL 之 数据操作及单表查询

1、数据操作

(1)insert 增加数据

1. 插入完整数据(顺序插入)
    语法一:
    INSERT INTO 表名(字段1,字段2,字段3…字段n) VALUES(值1,值2,值3…值n);

    语法二:
    INSERT INTO 表名 VALUES (值1,值2,值3…值n);

2. 指定字段插入数据
    语法:
    INSERT INTO 表名(字段1,字段2,字段3…) VALUES (值1,值2,值3…);

3. 插入多条记录
    语法:
    INSERT INTO 表名 VALUES (值1,值2,值3…值n), (值1,值2,值3…值n), (值1,值2,值3…值n);
        
4. 插入查询结果
    语法:
    INSERT INTO 表名(字段1,字段2,字段3…字段n)
                    SELECT (字段1,字段2,字段3…字段n) FROM 表2
                    WHERE …;

(2)delete 删除数据

语法:
    DELETE FROM 表名  WHERE CONITION;

示例:
    DELETE FROM mysql.user 
        WHERE password=’’;

(3)update 修改数据

语法:
    UPDATE 表名 SET 字段1=值1, 字段2=值2  WHERE CONDITION;

示例:
    UPDATE mysql.user SET password=password(‘123’) 
        where user=’root’ and host=’localhost’;

(4)select 查询数据

语法
SELECT DISTINCT FROM 表名;

2、单表查询

单表查询的语法
SELECT DISTINCT 字段1,字段2... FROM 表名
                              WHERE 条件
                              GROUP BY field
                              HAVING 筛选
                              ORDER BY field
                              LIMIT 限制条数;
                    
单表查询的关键字执行的优先级
    from
    where
    group by
    select
    distinct
    having
    order by
    limit
    
单表查询的执行过程
    1.找到表:from
    2.拿着where指定的约束条件,去文件/表中取出一条条记录
    3.将取出的一条条记录进行分组group by,如果没有group by,则整体作为一组
    4.执行select(也可以distinct去重)
    5.将分组的结果进行having过滤
    6.将结果按条件排序:order by
    7.限制结果的显示条数

(1)前期建数据库和表

# 建表和数据准备
  # 创建表
create table employee(
id int not null unique auto_increment,
emp_name varchar(20) not null,
sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male', #大部分是男的
age int(3) unsigned not null default 28,
hire_date date not null,
post varchar(50),
post_comment varchar(100),
salary double(15,2),
office int, #一个部门一个屋子
depart_id int
);

  # 插入记录
insert into employee(emp_name,sex,age,hire_date,post,salary,office,depart_id) values
#以下是教学部
('cai','male',78,'20150302','teacher',1000000.31,401,1),
('liu','male',81,'20130305','teacher',8300,401,1),
('ling','male',73,'20140701','teacher',3500,401,1),
('yongliang','male',28,'20121101','teacher',2100,401,1),
('marry','female',18,'20110211','teacher',9000,401,1),
('tom','male',18,'19000301','teacher',30000,401,1),
('liangliang','male',48,'20101111','teacher',10000,401,1),
#以下是销售部门
('阿哥','female',48,'20150311','sale',3000.13,402,2),
('丫头','female',38,'20101101','sale',2000.35,402,2),
('小丁','female',18,'20110312','sale',1000.37,402,2),
('月亮','female',18,'20160513','sale',3000.29,402,2),
('太阳','female',28,'20170127','sale',4000.33,402,2),
#以下是运营部门
('老才','male',28,'20160311','operation',10000.13,403,3), 
('老李','male',18,'19970312','operation',20000,403,3),
('老王','female',18,'20130311','operation',19000,403,3),
('老德','male',18,'20150411','operation',18000,403,3),
('老赵','female',18,'20140512','operation',17000,403,3)
;

(2)简单查询

# 查看表中所有
select * from 表;   
# 指定列查询
select emp_name,salary from employee;
# 在列中使用四则运算
select emp_name,salary*12 from employee;
# 重命名
select emp_name,salary*12 as annul_salary from employee;
select emp_name,salary*12 annul_salary from employee;
# 去重 distinct
select distinct post from employee;
select distinct sex,post from employee;
# 定义显示格式
 concat()函数     # 用于拼接字符串
select concat('姓名 :',emp_name),concat('年薪:',salary*12) from employee;
 concat_ws()函数  第一个参数为分隔符
select concat_ws('|','a','b','c');
# 条件判断
case when语句 == if条件判断句
select
       (
           case
           when emp_name = 'cai' then
               emp_name
           when emp_name = 'liu' then
               CONCAT(emp_name,'_haha')
           else
               concat(emp_name, 'hehe')
           end
       ) as new_name
   from
       employee;

(3)根据条件筛选行 where

# 比较运算 = > < >= <= !=/<>
select * from employee where age>18;
select * from employee where salary<10000;
select * from employee where salary=20000;
# between 在一个范围内;  between a and b    #[a,b]
select * from employee where salary between 10000 and 20000;
# in集合查询 ; in(80,90,100) 值是80或90或100
select * from employee where salary in (17000,19000);
# like 模糊查询
   # _ 通配符  表示一个字符长度的任意内容
select * from employee where emp_name like 'c__';
   # % 通配符  表示任意字符长度的任意内容
select * from employee where emp_name like 'c%';
select * from employee where emp_name like '%u';
select * from employee where emp_name like '%a%';
# regexp 正则匹配
select * from employee where emp_name regexp '^cai';

(4)逻辑运算 and or not

# and
	select * from employee where age>18 and post='teacher';
# or
	select * from employee where salary<10000 or salary>30000;
# not
	select * from employee where salary not in (10000,17000,18000);

(5)关于 null

# 关键字IS NULL(判断某个字段是否为NULL不能用等号,需要用IS)
  # 查看岗位描述为NULL的员工信息
select * from employee where post_comment is null;
  # 查看岗位描述不为NULL的员工信息
select * from employee where post_comment is not null;

(6)5个聚合函数

​ 强调:聚合函数聚合的是组的内容,若是没有分组,则默认一组

count     # 统计次数
max		  # 求最大值
min		  # 求最小值
avg		  # 求平均值
sum 	  # 求和

(7)分组聚合 group by

​ 如果我们用unique的字段作为分组的依据,则每一条记录自成一组,这种分组没有意义

​ 多条记录之间的某个字段值相同,该字段通常用来作为分组的依据

# 单独使用group by关键字分组
    select post from employee group by post;
    #注意:我们按照post字段分组,那么select查询的字段只能是post,想要获取组内的其他相关信息,需要借助函数

#group by关键字和group_concat()函数一起使用
  #按照岗位分组,并查看组内成员名
   select post,group_concat(emp_name) from employee group by post;
   select post,group_concat(emp_name) as emp_members from employee group by post;

# group by与聚合函数一起使用
   #按照岗位分组,并查看每个组有多少人
    select post,count(id) as count from employee group by post;
   # 查询各部门年龄在20岁以上的人的平均薪资
	select post,avg(salary) from employee where age>20 group by post;

(8)过滤 having (group by + 聚合函数)

# having与where不一样的地方在于:
	执行优先级从高到低:where > group by > having 
	1. Where 发生在分组group by之前,因而Where中可以有任意字段,但是绝对不能使用聚合函数。
	2. having发生在分组group by之后,因而having中可以使用分组的字段,无法直接取到其他字段,可以使用聚合函数

# 查询平均薪资大于1w的部门
select avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000;
# 查询各岗位内包含的员工个数小于2的岗位名、岗位内包含员工名字、个数
select post,group_concat(emp_name),count(id) from employee group by post having count(id)<2;
# 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000的岗位名、平均工资
select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000;
# 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000且小于20000的岗位名、平均工资
select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) between 10000 and 20000;

(9)排序 order by

# 升序  asc (默认升序)
select * from employee order by salary;
select * from employee order by salary asc;
# 降序  desc 
select * from employee order by salary desc;

# 按多列排序:先按照age排序,如果年纪相同,则按照薪资排序
select * from employee order by age,salary;
select * from employee order by age,salary desc;
select * from employee order by age desc,salary;

(10)限制查询的记录数 limit

# 取前n条
select * from 表 order by 列 limit n; 
# 从m+1开始,取n条
select * from 表 order by 列 limit m,n; 
# 从m+1开始,取n条
select * from 表 order by 列 limit n offset m; 

小结: select * from 表 where 条件 group by 分组 having 过滤 order by 排序 limit n;

3、在命令提示符窗口中遇到的编码问题解决方法:

1.临时解决问题 在客户端执行 set xxxx = utf8;
2.永久解决问题 在my.ini添加 set xxxx = utf8;
3.实时解决问题 create table 表名() charset=utf8;
posted @ 2020-10-22 13:42  永亮  阅读(231)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报