实验5

实验任务1:

publisher.hpp源代码:

 1 #pragma once
 2 
 3 #include <string>
 4 
 5 // 发行/出版物类:Publisher (抽象类)
 6 class Publisher {
 7 public:
 8     Publisher(const std::string &name_ = "");            // 构造函数
 9     virtual ~Publisher() = default;
10 
11 public:
12     virtual void publish() const = 0;                 // 纯虚函数,作为接口继承
13     virtual void use() const = 0;                     // 纯虚函数,作为接口继承
14 
15 protected:
16     std::string name;    // 发行/出版物名称
17 };
18 
19 // 图书类: Book
20 class Book: public Publisher {
21 public:
22     Book(const std::string &name_ = "", const std::string &author_ = "");  // 构造函数
23 
24 public:
25     void publish() const override;        // 接口
26     void use() const override;            // 接口
27 
28 private:
29     std::string author;          // 作者
30 };
31 
32 // 电影类: Film
33 class Film: public Publisher {
34 public:
35     Film(const std::string &name_ = "", const std::string &director_ = "");   // 构造函数
36 
37 public:
38     void publish() const override;    // 接口
39     void use() const override;        // 接口            
40 
41 private:
42     std::string director;        // 导演
43 };
44 
45 
46 // 音乐类:Music
47 class Music: public Publisher {
48 public:
49     Music(const std::string &name_ = "", const std::string &artist_ = "");
50 
51 public:
52     void publish() const override;        // 接口
53     void use() const override;            // 接口
54 
55 private:
56     std::string artist;      // 音乐艺术家名称
57 };
View Code

publisher.cpp源代码:

 1 #include <iostream>
 2 #include <string>
 3 #include "publisher.hpp"
 4 
 5 // Publisher类:实现
 6 Publisher::Publisher(const std::string &name_): name {name_} {
 7 }
 8 
 9 
10 // Book类: 实现
11 Book::Book(const std::string &name_ , const std::string &author_ ): Publisher{name_}, author{author_} {
12 }
13 
14 void Book::publish() const {
15     std::cout << "Publishing book《" << name << "》 by " << author << '\n';
16 }
17 
18 void Book::use() const {
19     std::cout << "Reading book 《" << name << "》 by " << author << '\n';
20 }
21 
22 
23 // Film类:实现
24 Film::Film(const std::string &name_, const std::string &director_):Publisher{name_},director{director_} {
25 }
26 
27 void Film::publish() const {
28     std::cout << "Publishing film <" << name << "> directed by " << director << '\n';
29 }
30 
31 void Film::use() const {
32     std::cout << "Watching film <" << name << "> directed by " << director << '\n';
33 }
34 
35 
36 // Music类:实现
37 Music::Music(const std::string &name_, const std::string &artist_): Publisher{name_}, artist{artist_} {
38 }
39 
40 void Music::publish() const {
41     std::cout << "Publishing music <" << name << "> by " << artist << '\n';
42 }
43 
44 void Music::use() const {
45     std::cout << "Listening to music <" << name << "> by " << artist << '\n';
46 }
View Code

task1.cpp源代码:

 1 #include <memory>
 2 #include <iostream>
 3 #include <vector>
 4 #include "publisher.hpp"
 5 
 6 void test1() {
 7    std::vector<Publisher *> v;
 8 
 9    v.push_back(new Book("Harry Potter", "J.K. Rowling"));
10    v.push_back(new Film("The Godfather", "Francis Ford Coppola"));
11    v.push_back(new Music("Blowing in the wind", "Bob Dylan"));
12 
13    for(Publisher *ptr: v) {
14         ptr->publish();
15         ptr->use();
16         std::cout << '\n';
17         delete ptr;
18    }
19 }
20 
21 void test2() {
22     std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Publisher>> v;
23 
24     v.push_back(std::make_unique<Book>("Harry Potter", "J.K. Rowling"));
25     v.push_back(std::make_unique<Film>("The Godfather", "Francis Ford Coppola"));
26     v.push_back(std::make_unique<Music>("Blowing in the wind", "Bob Dylan"));
27 
28     for(const auto &ptr: v) {
29         ptr->publish();
30         ptr->use();
31         std::cout << '\n';
32     }
33 }
34 
35 void test3() {
36     Book book("A Philosophy of Software Design", "John Ousterhout");
37     book.publish();
38     book.use();
39 }
40 
41 int main() {
42     std::cout << "运行时多态:纯虚函数、抽象类\n";
43 
44     std::cout << "\n测试1: 使用原始指针\n";
45     test1();
46 
47     std::cout << "\n测试2: 使用智能指针\n";
48     test2();
49 
50     std::cout << "\n测试3: 直接使用类\n";
51     test3();
52 }
View Code

运行测试结果:

image

问题1:抽象类机制
(1)是什么决定了 Publisher 是抽象类?用一句话说明,并指出代码中的具体依据。
答:抽象类是包含纯虚函数的类,代码中依据如下:
virtual void publish() const = 0; 

virtual void use() const = 0;

(2)如果在 main.cpp 里直接写 Publisher p; 能否编译通过?为什么?
答:不能,因为Publisher是抽象类,抽象类不能实例化。
 
问题2:纯虚函数与接口继承
(1) Book 、 Film 、 Music 必须实现哪两个函数才能通过编译?请写出其完整函数声明。
答:必须实现publish和use这两个函数才能通过编译。代码中声明如下:
void publish() const override; 
void use() const override;
(2) 在 publisher.cpp 的 Film 类实现中,把两个成员函数实现里的 const 去掉(保持函数体不变),重新编译,报错信息是什么?
答:报错信息如下:

严重性 代码 说明 项目 文件 行 禁止显示状态 详细信息
错误(活动) E0147 声明与 "void Film::publish() const" (已声明 所在行数:38,所属文件:"C:\Users\bw\Downloads\实验5文档代码_gbk\实验5文档代码_gbk\1\publisher.hpp") 不兼容 实验 C:\Users\bw\Downloads\实验5文档代码_gbk\实验5文档代码_gbk\1\publisher.cpp 27

严重性 代码 说明 项目 文件 行 禁止显示状态 详细信息
错误(活动) E0147 声明与 "void Film::use() const" (已声明 所在行数:31) 不兼容 实验 C:\Users\bw\Downloads\实验5文档代码_gbk\实验5文档代码_gbk\1\publisher.cpp 31

因为派生类实现的函数签名需要与纯虚函数一致,纯虚函数有const限定,派生类的函数也需要有const限定。

 

问题3:运行时多态与虚析构
(1)在 test1() 里, for (Publisher *ptr : v) 中 ptr 的声明类型是什么?
答:Publisher*
(2)当循环执行到 ptr->publish(); 时, ptr 实际指向的对象类型分别有哪些?(按循环顺序写出)
答:Book、Film、Music
(3)基类 Publisher 的析构函数为何声明为 virtual ?若删除 virtual ,执行 delete ptr; 会出现什么问题?
答:析构函数声明为virtual是为了派生类都能够使用析构函数进行资源释放,如果删除virtual会导致delete ptr只能释放基类的资源。
 
实验任务2:
book.hpp源代码:
 1 #pragma once
 2 #include <string>
 3 
 4 // 图书描述信息类Book: 声明
 5 class Book {
 6 public:
 7     Book(const std::string &name_, 
 8          const std::string &author_, 
 9          const std::string &translator_, 
10          const std::string &isbn_, 
11          double price_);
12 
13     friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream &out, const Book &book);
14 
15 private:
16     std::string name;        // 书名
17     std::string author;      // 作者
18     std::string translator;  // 译者
19     std::string isbn;        // isbn号
20     double price;        // 定价
21 };
View Code

book.cpp源代码:

 1 #include <iomanip>
 2 #include <iostream>
 3 #include <string>
 4 #include "book.hpp"
 5 
 6 
 7 // 图书描述信息类Book: 实现
 8 Book::Book(const std::string &name_, 
 9           const std::string &author_, 
10           const std::string &translator_, 
11           const std::string &isbn_, 
12           double price_):name{name_}, author{author_}, translator{translator_}, isbn{isbn_}, price{price_} {
13 }
14 
15 // 运算符<<重载实现
16 std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream &out, const Book &book) {
17     using std::left;
18     using std::setw;
19     
20     out << left;
21     out << setw(15) << "书名:" << book.name << '\n'
22         << setw(15) << "作者:" << book.author << '\n'
23         << setw(15) << "译者:" << book.translator << '\n'
24         << setw(15) << "ISBN:" << book.isbn << '\n'
25         << setw(15) << "定价:" << book.price;
26 
27     return out;
28 }
View Code

booksale.hpp源代码:

 1 #pragma once
 2 
 3 #include <string>
 4 #include "book.hpp"
 5 
 6 // 图书销售记录类BookSales:声明
 7 class BookSale {
 8 public:
 9     BookSale(const Book &rb_, double sales_price_, int sales_amount_);
10     int get_amount() const;   // 返回销售数量
11     double get_revenue() const;   // 返回营收
12     
13     friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream &out, const BookSale &item);
14 
15 private:
16     Book rb;         
17     double sales_price;      // 售价
18     int sales_amount;       // 销售数量
19 };
View Code

booksale.cpp源代码:

 1 #include <iomanip>
 2 #include <iostream>
 3 #include <string>
 4 #include "booksale.hpp"
 5 
 6 // 图书销售记录类BookSales:实现
 7 BookSale::BookSale(const Book &rb_, 
 8                    double sales_price_, 
 9                    int sales_amount_): rb{rb_}, sales_price{sales_price_}, sales_amount{sales_amount_} {
10 }
11 
12 int BookSale::get_amount() const {
13     return sales_amount;
14 }
15 
16 double BookSale::get_revenue() const {
17     return sales_amount * sales_price;
18 }
19 
20 // 运算符<<重载实现
21 std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream &out, const BookSale &item) {
22     using std::left;
23     using std::setw;
24     
25     out << left;
26     out << item.rb << '\n'
27         << setw(15) << "售价:" << item.sales_price << '\n'
28         << setw(15) << "销售数量:" << item.sales_amount << '\n'
29         << setw(15) << "营收:" << item.get_revenue();
30 
31     return out;
32 }
View Code

task2.cpp源代码:

 1 #include <algorithm>
 2 #include <iomanip>
 3 #include <iostream>
 4 #include <string>
 5 #include <vector>
 6 #include "booksale.hpp"
 7 
 8 // 按图书销售数量比较
 9 bool compare_by_amount(const BookSale &x1, const BookSale &x2) {
10     return x1.get_amount() > x2.get_amount();
11 }
12 
13 void test() {
14     using std::cin;
15     using std::cout;
16     using std::getline;
17     using std::sort;
18     using std::string;
19     using std::vector;
20     using std::ws;
21 
22     vector<BookSale> sales_records;         // 图书销售记录表
23 
24     int books_number;
25     cout << "录入图书数量: ";
26     cin >> books_number;
27 
28     cout << "录入图书销售记录\n";
29     for(int i = 0; i < books_number; ++i) {
30         string name, author, translator, isbn;
31         double price;
32         cout << string(20, '-') << "" << i+1 << "本图书信息录入" << string(20, '-') << '\n';
33         cout << "录入书名: "; getline(cin>>ws, name);
34         cout << "录入作者: "; getline(cin>>ws, author);
35         cout << "录入译者: "; getline(cin>>ws, translator);
36         cout << "录入isbn: "; getline(cin>>ws, isbn);
37         cout << "录入定价: "; cin >> price;
38 
39         Book book(name, author, translator, isbn, price);
40 
41         double sales_price;
42         int sales_amount;
43 
44         cout << "录入售价: "; cin >> sales_price;
45         cout << "录入销售数量: "; cin >> sales_amount;
46 
47         BookSale record(book, sales_price, sales_amount);
48         sales_records.push_back(record);
49     }
50 
51     // 按销售册数排序
52     sort(sales_records.begin(), sales_records.end(), compare_by_amount);
53 
54     // 按销售册数降序输出图书销售信息
55     cout << string(20, '=') <<  "图书销售统计" << string(20, '=') << '\n';
56     for(auto &record: sales_records) {
57         cout << record << '\n';
58         cout << string(40, '-') << '\n';
59     }
60 }
61 
62 int main() {
63     test();
64 }
View Code
运行测试截图:
image
问题1:重载运算符<<
(1)找出运算符 << 被重载了几处?分别用于什么类型?
答:被重载了2次,分别用于book和booksale类型。
(2)找出使用重载 << 输出对象的代码,写在下面。
答:代码如下:
out << item.rb << '\n'

for(auto &record: sales_records) {
cout << record << '\n';
cout << string(40, '-') << '\n';
}

本来需要一个个读取里面的部分数据进行输出,但是通过重载运算符,就可以用cout << record << '\n';这样一行的代码先通过这个代码out << item.rb << '\n'嵌套重载<<输出,最后输出这一整个对象的完整信息。

 

 

实验任务4:

pet.hpp源代码:

 1 #pragma once
 2 
 3 #include<string>
 4 
 5 class MachinePet{
 6 protected:
 7     std::string nickname;
 8 public:
 9     MachinePet(const std::string& nn):nickname{nn}{}
10     virtual ~MachinePet() = default;
11     std::string get_nickname() const { return nickname; };
12     virtual std::string talk() const =0;
13 };
14 
15 class PetCat : public MachinePet{
16 public:
17     PetCat(const std::string& nn) :MachinePet{ nn } {};
18     std::string talk() const override { return "miao wu~"; }
19 };
20 
21 class PetDog : public MachinePet {
22 public:
23     PetDog(const std::string& nn) :MachinePet{ nn } {};
24     std::string talk() const override { return "wang wang~"; }
25 };
View Code

task4.cpp源代码: 

 1 #include <iostream>
 2 #include <memory>
 3 #include <vector>
 4 #include "pet.hpp"
 5 
 6 void test1() {
 7     std::vector<MachinePet*> pets;
 8 
 9     pets.push_back(new PetCat("miku"));
10     pets.push_back(new PetDog("da huang"));
11 
12     for (MachinePet* ptr : pets) {
13         std::cout << ptr->get_nickname() << " says " << ptr->talk() << '\n';
14         delete ptr;  // 须手动释放资源
15     }
16 }
17 
18 void test2() {
19     std::vector<std::unique_ptr<MachinePet>> pets;
20 
21     pets.push_back(std::make_unique<PetCat>("miku"));
22     pets.push_back(std::make_unique<PetDog>("da huang"));
23 
24     for (auto const& ptr : pets)
25         std::cout << ptr->get_nickname() << " says " << ptr->talk() << '\n';
26 }
27 
28 void test3() {
29     // MachinePet pet("little cutie");   // 编译报错:无法定义抽象类对象
30 
31     const PetCat cat("miku");
32     std::cout << cat.get_nickname() << " says " << cat.talk() << '\n';
33 
34     const PetDog dog("da huang");
35     std::cout << dog.get_nickname() << " says " << dog.talk() << '\n';
36 }
37 
38 int main() {
39     std::cout << "测试1: 使用原始指针\n";
40     test1();
41 
42     std::cout << "\n测试2: 使用智能指针\n";
43     test2();
44 
45     std::cout << "\n测试3: 直接使用类\n";
46     test3();
47 }
View Code

运行测试截图:

image

 

实验任务5:

Complex.hpp源代码:

 1 #include<iostream>
 2 template<typename T>
 3 class Complex {
 4 private:
 5     T imag;
 6     T real;
 7 public:
 8     Complex() : imag{0},real{0}{}
 9     Complex(T r, T i):imag{i},real{r}{}
10     Complex(const Complex& c):imag{c.imag}, real{c.real}{}
11 
12     T get_imag() const { return imag; }
13     T get_real() const { return real; }
14 
15 
16     //输出
17     friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Complex& c)
18     {
19         os << c.real;
20         if (c.imag >= 0)
21         {
22             os << " + ";
23             os << c.imag << "i";
24         }
25         else 
26         {
27             os << " - ";
28             os << -c.imag << "i";
29         }
30         return os;
31     }
32 
33     //输入
34     friend std::istream& operator>>(std::istream& is, Complex& c)
35     {
36         is >> c.real;
37         is >> c.imag;
38         return is;
39     }
40 
41     friend Complex operator+(Complex c1, const Complex& c2)
42     {
43         Complex c3{ c1.imag + c2.imag,c1.real + c2.real };
44         return c3;
45     }
46 
47     Complex& operator+=(const Complex& c2)
48     {
49         imag += c2.imag;
50         real += c2.real;
51         return *this;
52     }
53 
54     bool operator==(const Complex& c2)
55     {
56         if (real == c2.real && imag == c2.imag)
57         {
58             return true;
59         }
60         return false;
61     }
62 };
View Code

task5.cpp源代码:

 1 #include <iostream>
 2 #include "Complex.hpp"
 3 
 4 void test1() {
 5     using std::cout;
 6     using std::boolalpha;
 7 
 8     Complex<int> c1(2, -5), c2(c1);
 9 
10     cout << "c1 = " << c1 << '\n';
11     cout << "c2 = " << c2 << '\n';
12     cout << "c1 + c2 = " << c1 + c2 << '\n';
13 
14     c1 += c2;
15     cout << "c1 = " << c1 << '\n';
16     cout << boolalpha << (c1 == c2) << '\n';
17 }
18 
19 void test2() {
20     using std::cin;
21     using std::cout;
22 
23     Complex<double> c1, c2;
24     cout << "Enter c1 and c2: ";
25     cin >> c1 >> c2;
26     cout << "c1 = " << c1 << '\n';
27     cout << "c2 = " << c2 << '\n';
28 
29     const Complex<double> c3(c1);
30     cout << "c3.real = " << c3.get_real() << '\n';
31     cout << "c3.imag = " << c3.get_imag() << '\n';
32 }
33 
34 int main() {
35     std::cout << "自定义类模板Complex测试1: \n";
36     test1();
37 
38     std::cout << "\n自定义类模板Complex测试2: \n";
39     test2();
40 }
View Code

运行测试截图:

image

 

总结与体会:

本次实验最让我印象深刻的是3个点,第一个是析构函数设置为虚函数,以前只是知道要这么做,但是没有想过如果不设置会引起内存泄漏。第二个是接口设计为const,因为之前没有写的意思,这次实验中不写const会因为对象是const类型导致报错,第三个就是重载运算符的函数定义,老实说这个东西我一开始只是知道是干什么的,但是我觉得写的很费解,做完实验后总结一下,函数声明部分,第一个就是返回值,然后operator加重载的运算符和大部分函数都一样,当重载的运算符作为成员函数、并且是二元运算符的时候只需要传入右操作数,意思就是左操作数就是对象本身的时候只需要传一个即可,<<和>>必须传两个,>>的对象不能是const,这种场景下,const的目的是为了安全。然后&的作用是两个,一个是为了更改对象信息,一个是为了加快运算速度,不需要拷贝。

 

posted @ 2025-12-11 13:27  王宝炜  阅读(2)  评论(0)    收藏  举报