Mysql 数据库(九)
一 视图
什么是视图:视图就是一张虚拟表。方便查看。
创建视图:create view 起名 as sql语句
#两张有关系的表 mysql> select * from course; +-----+--------+------------+ | cid | cname | teacher_id | +-----+--------+------------+ | 1 | 生物 | 1 | | 2 | 物理 | 2 | | 3 | 体育 | 3 | | 4 | 美术 | 2 | +-----+--------+------------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from teacher; +-----+-----------------+ | tid | tname | +-----+-----------------+ | 1 | 张磊老师 | | 2 | 李平老师 | | 3 | 刘海燕老师 | | 4 | 朱云海老师 | | 5 | 李杰老师 | +-----+-----------------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) #查询李平老师教授的课程名 mysql> select cname from course where teacher_id = (select tid from teacher where tname='李平老师'); +--------+ | cname | +--------+ | 物理 | | 美术 | +--------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) #子查询出临时表,作为teacher_id等判断依据 select tid from teacher where tname='李平老师'
#语法:CREATE VIEW 视图名称 AS SQL语句 create view teacher_view as select tid from teacher where tname='李平老师'; #于是查询李平老师教授的课程名的sql可以改写为 mysql> select cname from course where teacher_id = (select tid from teacher_view); +--------+ | cname | +--------+ | 物理 | | 美术 | +--------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) #!!!注意注意注意: #1. 使用视图以后就无需每次都重写子查询的sql,但是这么效率并不高,还不如我们写子查询的效率高 #2. 而且有一个致命的问题:视图是存放到数据库里的,如果我们程序中的sql过分依赖于数据库中存放的视图,那么意味着,一旦sql需要修改且涉及到视图的部分,则必须去数据库中进行修改,而通常在公司中数据库有专门的DBA负责,你要想完成修改,必须付出大量的沟通成本DBA可能才会帮你完成修改,极其地不方便
注意sql语句不能包括子查询。
使用视图:
#修改视图,原始表也跟着改 mysql> select * from course; +-----+--------+------------+ | cid | cname | teacher_id | +-----+--------+------------+ | 1 | 生物 | 1 | | 2 | 物理 | 2 | | 3 | 体育 | 3 | | 4 | 美术 | 2 | +-----+--------+------------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> create view course_view as select * from course; #创建表course的视图 Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.52 sec) mysql> select * from course_view; +-----+--------+------------+ | cid | cname | teacher_id | +-----+--------+------------+ | 1 | 生物 | 1 | | 2 | 物理 | 2 | | 3 | 体育 | 3 | | 4 | 美术 | 2 | +-----+--------+------------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> update course_view set cname='xxx'; #更新视图中的数据 Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.04 sec) Rows matched: 4 Changed: 4 Warnings: 0 mysql> insert into course_view values(5,'yyy',2); #往视图中插入数据 Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec) mysql> select * from course; #发现原始表的记录也跟着修改了 +-----+-------+------------+ | cid | cname | teacher_id | +-----+-------+------------+ | 1 | xxx | 1 | | 2 | xxx | 2 | | 3 | xxx | 3 | | 4 | xxx | 2 | | 5 | yyy | 2 | +-----+-------+------------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

修改视图:alter view 视图名称 as sql语句
语法:ALTER VIEW 视图名称 AS SQL语句 mysql> alter view teacher_view as select * from course where cid>3; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec) mysql> select * from teacher_view; +-----+-------+------------+ | cid | cname | teacher_id | +-----+-------+------------+ | 4 | xxx | 2 | | 5 | yyy | 2 | +-----+-------+------------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
删除视图:drop view 视图名
DROP VIEW teacher_view
二 触发器
什么是触发器:由一个行为触发了某一个行为。也就是用户对于表的增删改的操作前后的行为。
创建触发器:
# 插入前
CREATE TRIGGER tri_before_insert_tb1 BEFORE INSERT ON tb1 FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
...
END
# 插入后
CREATE TRIGGER tri_after_insert_tb1 AFTER INSERT ON tb1 FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
...
END
# 删除前
CREATE TRIGGER tri_before_delete_tb1 BEFORE DELETE ON tb1 FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
...
END
# 删除后
CREATE TRIGGER tri_after_delete_tb1 AFTER DELETE ON tb1 FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
...
END
# 更新前
CREATE TRIGGER tri_before_update_tb1 BEFORE UPDATE ON tb1 FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
...
END
# 更新后
CREATE TRIGGER tri_after_update_tb1 AFTER UPDATE ON tb1 FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
...
END
trigger:触发器
for each row:每一行
before:执行前
after:执行后
插入触发触发器:
#准备表
CREATE TABLE cmd (
id INT PRIMARY KEY auto_increment,
USER CHAR (32),
priv CHAR (10),
cmd CHAR (64),
sub_time datetime, #提交时间
success enum ('yes', 'no') #0代表执行失败
);
CREATE TABLE errlog (
id INT PRIMARY KEY auto_increment,
err_cmd CHAR (64),
err_time datetime
);
#创建触发器
delimiter //
CREATE TRIGGER tri_after_insert_cmd AFTER INSERT ON cmd FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
IF NEW.success = 'no' THEN #等值判断只有一个等号
INSERT INTO errlog(err_cmd, err_time) VALUES(NEW.cmd, NEW.sub_time) ; #必须加分号
END IF ; #必须加分号
END//
delimiter ;
#往表cmd中插入记录,触发触发器,根据IF的条件决定是否插入错误日志
INSERT INTO cmd (
USER,
priv,
cmd,
sub_time,
success
)
VALUES
('egon','0755','ls -l /etc',NOW(),'yes'),
('egon','0755','cat /etc/passwd',NOW(),'no'),
('egon','0755','useradd xxx',NOW(),'no'),
('egon','0755','ps aux',NOW(),'yes');
#查询错误日志,发现有两条
mysql> select * from errlog;
+----+-----------------+---------------------+
| id | err_cmd | err_time |
+----+-----------------+---------------------+
| 1 | cat /etc/passwd | 2017-09-14 22:18:48 |
| 2 | useradd xxx | 2017-09-14 22:18:48 |
+----+-----------------+---------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
new:刚插入的数据;old:早已存在的数据
delimiter :命名结束符号。
触发器无法有用户直接调用,而知由于对表的增删改操作被动引发的。
删除触发器:
drop trigger tri_after_insert_cmd;
三 事物
什么是事物:包含着一堆sql语句,要么同时成功,要么同时失败。
start transaction:开启事物。
rollbask:如果出现异常,就要执行这个命令,还原开始的记录
commit:事务的语句执行完毕后,用这个命令提交一下。
try:扑捉异常;except:抛出异常。
如下:
create table user(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name char(32),
balance int
);
insert into user(name,balance)
values
('wsb',1000),
('egon',1000),
('ysb',1000);
#原子操作
start transaction;
update user set balance=900 where name='wsb'; #买支付100元
update user set balance=1010 where name='egon'; #中介拿走10元
update user set balance=1090 where name='ysb'; #卖家拿到90元
commit;
#出现异常,回滚到初始状态
start transaction;
update user set balance=900 where name='wsb'; #买支付100元
update user set balance=1010 where name='egon'; #中介拿走10元
uppdate user set balance=1090 where name='ysb'; #卖家拿到90元,出现异常没有拿到
rollback;
commit;
mysql> select * from user;
+----+------+---------+
| id | name | balance |
+----+------+---------+
| 1 | wsb | 1000 |
| 2 | egon | 1000 |
| 3 | ysb | 1000 |
+----+------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
四 存储过程
什么是存储过程:也就是一堆失去了语句,与存储有关的。
只要一执行存储过程,就会触发一堆sql语句的执行。
优点:用来代替程序写的sql语句,实现程序与数据库的解耦。
基于网络传输,传别名数据量小,直接传sql数据量大。
缺点:扩展不方便
程序与sql语句结合使用的方式
1 mysql:存储过程 程序:调用存储过程
2 mysql:什么都不做 程序:纯sql语句
3 mysql:什么都不做 程序:类和对象,即orm(本质还是纯sql语句)
创建存储过程程序:
procedure:创建函数
call:在数据库中执行存储过程函数
callproc:在python中基于pymysql模块执行存储过程函数
1 创建无参存储过程程序:
delimiter //
create procedure p1()
BEGIN
select * from blog;
INSERT into blog(name,sub_time) values("xxx",now());
END //
delimiter ;
#在mysql中调用
call p1()
#在python中基于pymysql调用
cursor.callproc('p1')
print(cursor.fetchall())
2 创建有参存储过程程序:
in:接收参数
delimiter //
create procedure p2(
in n1 int,
in n2 int
)
BEGIN
select * from blog where id > n1;
END //
delimiter ;
#在mysql中调用
call p2(3,2)
#在python中基于pymysql调用
cursor.callproc('p2',(3,2))
print(cursor.fetchall())
out:返回值的参数
delimiter //
create procedure p3(
in n1 int,
out res int
)
BEGIN
select * from blog where id > n1;
set res = 1;
END //
delimiter ;
#在mysql中调用
set @res=0; #0代表假(执行失败),1代表真(执行成功)
call p3(3,@res);
select @res;
#在python中基于pymysql调用
cursor.callproc('p3',(3,0)) #0相当于set @res=0
print(cursor.fetchall()) #查询select的查询结果
cursor.execute('select @_p3_0,@_p3_1;') #@p3_0代表第一个参数,@p3_1代表第二个参数,即返回值
print(cursor.fetchall())
注意:in接收的参数值不能够当作out的返回值使用。
inout:既可以传入值,又可以做为返回值。
delimiter //
create procedure p4(
inout n1 int
)
BEGIN
select * from blog where id > n1;
set n1 = 1;
END //
delimiter ;
#在mysql中调用
set @x=3;
call p4(@x);
select @x;
#在python中基于pymysql调用
cursor.callproc('p4',(3,))
print(cursor.fetchall()) #查询select的查询结果
cursor.execute('select @_p4_0;')
print(cursor.fetchall())
事物:
#介绍
delimiter //
create procedure p4(
out status int
)
BEGIN
1. 声明如果出现异常则执行{
set status = 1;
rollback;
}
开始事务
-- 由秦兵账户减去100
-- 方少伟账户加90
-- 张根账户加10
commit;
结束
set status = 2;
END //
delimiter ;
#实现
delimiter //
create PROCEDURE p5(
OUT p_return_code tinyint
)
BEGIN
DECLARE exit handler for sqlexception
BEGIN
-- ERROR
set p_return_code = 1;
rollback;
END;
DECLARE exit handler for sqlwarning
BEGIN
-- WARNING
set p_return_code = 2;
rollback;
END;
START TRANSACTION;
DELETE from tb1; #执行失败
insert into blog(name,sub_time) values('yyy',now());
COMMIT;
-- SUCCESS
set p_return_code = 0; #0代表执行成功
END //
delimiter ;
#在mysql中调用存储过程
set @res=123;
call p5(@res);
select @res;
#在python中基于pymysql调用存储过程
cursor.callproc('p5',(123,))
print(cursor.fetchall()) #查询select的查询结果
cursor.execute('select @_p5_0;')
print(cursor.fetchall())
执行存储过程:
在MySQL中执行:
-- 无参数 call proc_name() -- 有参数,全in call proc_name(1,2) -- 有参数,有in,out,inout set @t1=0; set @t2=3; call proc_name(1,2,@t1,@t2)
set @:定义变量
在python中基于pymysql模块执行:
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import pymysql
conn = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='123', db='t1')
cursor = conn.cursor(cursor=pymysql.cursors.DictCursor)
# 执行存储过程
cursor.callproc('p1', args=(1, 22, 3, 4))
# 获取执行完存储的参数
cursor.execute("select @_p1_0,@_p1_1,@_p1_2,@_p1_3")
result = cursor.fetchall()
conn.commit()
cursor.close()
conn.close()
print(result)
select @_名_值:获取执行完的存储参数。
删除存储过程:
drop procedure proc_name;
五 函数
mysql中部分内置函数:
CHAR_LENGTH(str)
返回值为字符串str 的长度,长度的单位为字符。一个多字节字符算作一个单字符。
对于一个包含五个二字节字符集, LENGTH()返回值为 10, 而CHAR_LENGTH()的返回值为5。
CONCAT(str1,str2,...)
字符串拼接
如有任何一个参数为NULL ,则返回值为 NULL。
CONCAT_WS(separator,str1,str2,...)
字符串拼接(自定义连接符)
CONCAT_WS()不会忽略任何空字符串。 (然而会忽略所有的 NULL)。
CONV(N,from_base,to_base)
进制转换
例如:
SELECT CONV('a',16,2); 表示将 a 由16进制转换为2进制字符串表示
FORMAT(X,D)
将数字X 的格式写为'#,###,###.##',以四舍五入的方式保留小数点后 D 位, 并将结果以字符串的形式返回。若 D 为 0, 则返回结果不带有小数点,或不含小数部分。
例如:
SELECT FORMAT(12332.1,4); 结果为: '12,332.1000'
INSERT(str,pos,len,newstr)
在str的指定位置插入字符串
pos:要替换位置其实位置
len:替换的长度
newstr:新字符串
特别的:
如果pos超过原字符串长度,则返回原字符串
如果len超过原字符串长度,则由新字符串完全替换
INSTR(str,substr)
返回字符串 str 中子字符串的第一个出现位置。
LEFT(str,len)
返回字符串str 从开始的len位置的子序列字符。
LOWER(str)
变小写
UPPER(str)
变大写
LTRIM(str)
返回字符串 str ,其引导空格字符被删除。
RTRIM(str)
返回字符串 str ,结尾空格字符被删去。
SUBSTRING(str,pos,len)
获取字符串子序列
LOCATE(substr,str,pos)
获取子序列索引位置
REPEAT(str,count)
返回一个由重复的字符串str 组成的字符串,字符串str的数目等于count 。
若 count <= 0,则返回一个空字符串。
若str 或 count 为 NULL,则返回 NULL 。
REPLACE(str,from_str,to_str)
返回字符串str 以及所有被字符串to_str替代的字符串from_str 。
REVERSE(str)
返回字符串 str ,顺序和字符顺序相反。
RIGHT(str,len)
从字符串str 开始,返回从后边开始len个字符组成的子序列
SPACE(N)
返回一个由N空格组成的字符串。
SUBSTRING(str,pos) , SUBSTRING(str FROM pos) SUBSTRING(str,pos,len) , SUBSTRING(str FROM pos FOR len)
不带有len 参数的格式从字符串str返回一个子字符串,起始于位置 pos。带有len参数的格式从字符串str返回一个长度同len字符相同的子字符串,起始于位置 pos。 使用 FROM的格式为标准 SQL 语法。也可能对pos使用一个负值。假若这样,则子字符串的位置起始于字符串结尾的pos 字符,而不是字符串的开头位置。在以下格式的函数中可以对pos 使用一个负值。
mysql> SELECT SUBSTRING('Quadratically',5);
-> 'ratically'
mysql> SELECT SUBSTRING('foobarbar' FROM 4);
-> 'barbar'
mysql> SELECT SUBSTRING('Quadratically',5,6);
-> 'ratica'
mysql> SELECT SUBSTRING('Sakila', -3);
-> 'ila'
mysql> SELECT SUBSTRING('Sakila', -5, 3);
-> 'aki'
mysql> SELECT SUBSTRING('Sakila' FROM -4 FOR 2);
-> 'ki'
TRIM([{BOTH | LEADING | TRAILING} [remstr] FROM] str) TRIM(remstr FROM] str)
返回字符串 str , 其中所有remstr 前缀和/或后缀都已被删除。若分类符BOTH、LEADIN或TRAILING中没有一个是给定的,则假设为BOTH 。 remstr 为可选项,在未指定情况下,可删除空格。
mysql> SELECT TRIM(' bar ');
-> 'bar'
mysql> SELECT TRIM(LEADING 'x' FROM 'xxxbarxxx');
-> 'barxxx'
mysql> SELECT TRIM(BOTH 'x' FROM 'xxxbarxxx');
-> 'bar'
mysql> SELECT TRIM(TRAILING 'xyz' FROM 'barxxyz');
-> 'barx'
date_format函数:将时间日期取出某段部分
#1 基本使用
mysql> SELECT DATE_FORMAT('2009-10-04 22:23:00', '%W %M %Y');
-> 'Sunday October 2009'
mysql> SELECT DATE_FORMAT('2007-10-04 22:23:00', '%H:%i:%s');
-> '22:23:00'
mysql> SELECT DATE_FORMAT('1900-10-04 22:23:00',
-> '%D %y %a %d %m %b %j');
-> '4th 00 Thu 04 10 Oct 277'
mysql> SELECT DATE_FORMAT('1997-10-04 22:23:00',
-> '%H %k %I %r %T %S %w');
-> '22 22 10 10:23:00 PM 22:23:00 00 6'
mysql> SELECT DATE_FORMAT('1999-01-01', '%X %V');
-> '1998 52'
mysql> SELECT DATE_FORMAT('2006-06-00', '%d');
-> '00'
#2 准备表和记录
CREATE TABLE blog (
id INT PRIMARY KEY auto_increment,
NAME CHAR (32),
sub_time datetime
);
INSERT INTO blog (NAME, sub_time)
VALUES
('第1篇','2015-03-01 11:31:21'),
('第2篇','2015-03-11 16:31:21'),
('第3篇','2016-07-01 10:21:31'),
('第4篇','2016-07-22 09:23:21'),
('第5篇','2016-07-23 10:11:11'),
('第6篇','2016-07-25 11:21:31'),
('第7篇','2017-03-01 15:33:21'),
('第8篇','2017-03-01 17:32:21'),
('第9篇','2017-03-01 18:31:21');
#3. 提取sub_time字段的值,按照格式后的结果即"年月"来分组
SELECT DATE_FORMAT(sub_time,'%Y-%m'),COUNT(1) FROM blog GROUP BY DATE_FORMAT(sub_time,'%Y-%m');
#结果
+-------------------------------+----------+
| DATE_FORMAT(sub_time,'%Y-%m') | COUNT(1) |
+-------------------------------+----------+
| 2015-03 | 2 |
| 2016-07 | 4 |
| 2017-03 | 3 |
+-------------------------------+----------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
自定义函数:不要在函数内部写sql语句,函数仅仅只有一个功能,是一个在mysql中被应用的功能。若想在begin......end.... 中写sql语句,请用存储过程。
定义函数:
实例1:
delimiter //
create function f1(
i1 int,
i2 int)
returns int
BEGIN
declare num int;
set num = i1 + i2;
return(num);
END //
delimiter ;
实例2:
delimiter //
create function f5(
i int
)
returns int
begin
declare res int default 0;
if i = 10 then
set res=100;
elseif i = 20 then
set res=200;
elseif i = 30 then
set res=300;
else
set res=400;
end if;
return res;
end //
delimiter ;
删除函数:
drop function func_name;
执行函数:
# 获取返回值
select UPPER('egon') into @res;
SELECT @res;
# 在查询中使用
select f1(11,nid) ,name from tb2;
六 流程控制
1 if 条件语句:
delimiter //
CREATE PROCEDURE proc_if ()
BEGIN
declare i int default 0;
if i = 1 THEN
SELECT 1;
ELSEIF i = 2 THEN
SELECT 2;
ELSE
SELECT 7;
END IF;
END //
delimiter ;
declare:声明变量
then :接下来执行
end if:接收循环
2 循环语句:
while:
delimiter //
CREATE PROCEDURE proc_while ()
BEGIN
DECLARE num INT ;
SET num = 0 ;
WHILE num < 10 DO
SELECT
num ;
SET num = num + 1 ;
END WHILE ;
END //
delimiter ;
do :while的结尾
end while:结束循环
repeat:
delimiter //
CREATE PROCEDURE proc_repeat ()
BEGIN
DECLARE i INT ;
SET i = 0 ;
repeat
select i;
set i = i + 1;
until i >= 5
end repeat;
END //
delimiter ;
end repeat:结束repeat循环
loop:
BEGIN
declare i int default 0;
loop_label: loop
set i=i+1;
if i<8 then
iterate loop_label;
end if;
if i>=10 then
leave loop_label;
end if;
select i;
end loop loop_label;
END
本片博客详情:http://www.cnblogs.com/linhaifeng/articles/7495918.html
练习题
准备表:
create table class(cid int primary key auto_increment,
caption char(5) not null unique);
INSERT into class(caption)values('三年二班'),('一年三班'),('三年一班');
CREATE table student(sid int primary key auto_increment,
sname char(6) not null,
gender enum('男','女','male','female') not null,
class_id int(4) not null,
foreign key(class_id) references class(cid)
on delete CASCADE
on update cascade);
insert into student(sname,gender,class_id)values
('钢蛋','女',1),('铁锤','女',1),('山炮','男',2);
create table teacher(tid int primary key auto_increment,
tname char(6) not null);
insert into teacher(tname)values('波多'),('苍空'),('饭岛');
create table course(cid int primary key auto_increment,
cname CHAR(5) not null unique,
teacher_id int not null,
foreign key(teacher_id) references teacher(tid)
on delete CASCADE
on update cascade);
insert into course(cname,teacher_id)values('生物',1),('体育',1),('物理',2);
create table score(sid int primary key auto_increment,
student_id int not null,
foreign key(student_id) references student(sid)
on delete cascade on update cascade,
course_id int not null,
foreign key(course_id) references course(cid)
on delete cascade on update cascade,
number int(4) not null);
insert into score(student_id,course_id,number)values(1,1,60),(1,2,59),(2,2,100);
SELECT * from class;
show CREATE table class;
select * from student;
show create table student;
SELECT * from teacher;
show create table teacher;
select * from course;
show create table course;
select * from score;
show create table score;
开始练习:
1、查询所有的课程的名称以及对应的任课老师姓名
SELECT cname,tname from course inner join teacher ON course.teacher_id = teacher.tid;
2、查询学生表中男女生各有多少人
select gender,COUNT(sid) from student GROUP BY gender;
3、查询物理成绩等于100的学生的姓名
SELECT sname from student where sid in (
SELECT student_id from score where course_id = (SELECT cid from course where cname = '物理') and num = 100
);
4、查询平均成绩大于八十分的同学的姓名和平均成绩
方法1:
SELECT student.sname,t1.avg_num from student inner join
(SELECT student_id,AVG(num) avg_num from score GROUP BY student_id
HAVING avg(num) > 80) as t1
on student.sid = t1.student_id;
方法2:
select * from student where sid in (
select student_id from score group by student_id
having avg(num)>80
);
5、查询所有学生的学号,姓名,选课数,总成绩
SELECT student.sid,student.sname,t1.course_num,t1.total_num from student inner JOIN
(SELECT
student_id,
count(course_id) course_num,
sum(num) total_num
FROM
score
GROUP BY
student_id) as t1
on student.sid = t1.student_id;
6、 查询姓李老师的个数
方法1:
SELECT COUNT(1) from teacher where tname like '李%';
方法2:
select count(t1) from (
select tname t1 from teacher where tname LIKE '李%'
)as t
7、 查询没有报李平老师课的学生姓名
SELECT
sname
FROM
student
WHERE
sid NOT IN (
SELECT
student_id
FROM
score
WHERE
course_id IN (
SELECT
cid
FROM
course
WHERE
teacher_id = (
SELECT
tid
FROM
teacher
WHERE
tname = '李平老师'
)
)
);
8、 查询物理课程比生物课程高的学生的学号
SELECT t1.student_id from
(SELECT student_id,num from score where course_id = (
SELECT cid from course where cname = '物理'
)) as t1
inner join
(SELECT student_id,num from score where course_id = (
SELECT cid from course where cname = '生物'
)) as t2
on t1.student_id = t2.student_id
where t1.num > t2.num;
9、 查询没有同时选修物理课程和体育课程的学生姓名
方法1:
SELECT sname from student where sid in (
SELECT student_id from score LEFT JOIN course
on score.course_id = course.cid
WHERE course.cname in ('物理','体育')
GROUP BY student_id
HAVING count(sid) < 2
);
方法2:
select sname from student where sid not in (
SELECT s1.student_id from (
select student_id from score where course_id =(
SELECT cid from course where cname ='体育')) s1
INNER JOIN (
select student_id from score where course_id =(
SELECT cid from course where cname ='物理')) s2
on s1.student_id=s2.student_id);
10、查询挂科超过两门(包括两门)的学生姓名和班级
方法1::
SELECT sname,caption from student LEFT JOIN class
on student.class_id = class.cid
where student.sid in (
SELECT student_id from score where num < 60 GROUP BY student_id
HAVING COUNT(course_id) >= 2
)
;
方法2:
select s.sname,class.caption from class INNER JOIN
(select * from student where sid in (
select student_id from score GROUP BY student_id
having student_id>=2)) s
on s.class_id=class.cid;
11 、查询选修了所有课程的学生姓名
select sname from student where sid in (
select student_id from score GROUP BY student_id
having count(sid)=(
select count(cid) from course))
12、查询李平老师教的课程的所有成绩记录
方法1:
SELECT * from score where course_id in (
SELECT cid from course inner JOIN teacher
on course.teacher_id = teacher.tid
WHERE tname = '李平老师'
);
方法2:
select num from score WHERE course_id in (
select cid from course where teacher_id=(
select tid from teacher where tname='李平老师'));
13、查询全部学生都选修了的课程号和课程名
SELECT ss.s1,ss.s2,course.cid,course.cname from
(select student.sid s1,student.sname s2,score.course_id s3
from student INNER JOIN score
on student.sid=score.student_id ) ss
INNER JOIN course
on ss.s3=course.cid;
14、查询每门课程被选修的次数
方法1:
SELECT course.cname,t1.count_student FROM course
INNER JOIN
(
SELECT course_id,count(student_id) count_student from score GROUP BY course_id
) as t1
ON course.cid = t1.course_id;
方法2:
select course.cname,COUNT(score.sid)
from course INNER JOIN score
on course.cid=score.course_id
group by score.course_id;
15、查询只选修了一门课程的学生姓名和学号
select sid,sname from student where sid in(
select student_id from score GROUP BY student_id
having count(sid)=1);
16、查询所有学生考出的总成绩并按从高到低排序(成绩去重)
方法1:
SELECT DISTINCT sum(num) sum_num from score group by student_id
ORDER BY sum_num desc;
方法2:
select student.sname,avg(score.num) avg_num from
student INNER JOIN score on student.sid=score.student_id
GROUP BY student_id ORDER BY avg_num desc;
17、查询平均成绩大于85的学生姓名和平均成绩
方法1:
SELECT student.sname,t1.avg_num from student inner join
(
SELECT student_id,avg(num) avg_num from score GROUP BY student_id having avg(num) > 85
) as t1
on student.sid = t1.student_id;
方法2:
select student.sname,avg(score.num) from student INNER JOIN score
on student.sid=score.student_id
GROUP BY score.student_id
having avg(score.num)>85;
18、查询生物成绩不及格的学生姓名和对应生物分数
方法1:
SELECT sname,t1.num from student
INNER JOIN
(
SELECT student_id,num from score LEFT JOIN course
on score.course_id = course.cid
where course.cname = '生物' and score.num < 60
) as t1
on student.sid = t1.student_id;
方法2:
select student.sname,ss.num from student INNER JOIN(
select * from score where course_id=(
select cid from course where cname='生物') and num<60) ss
on ss.student_id=student.class_id;
19、查询在所有选修了李平老师课程的学生中,这些课程(李平老师的课程,不是所有课程)平均成绩最高的学生姓名
select sname from student where sid in(
select student_id from score where course_id in(
select cid from course where teacher_id=(
select tid from teacher where tname='李平老师'))
GROUP BY student_id
HAVING avg(num)=(
select avg(num) from score where course_id in(
select cid from course where teacher_id=(
select tid from teacher where tname='李平老师'))
GROUP BY student_id order by avg(num) desc
limit 1))
20、查询每门课程成绩最好的前两名学生姓名
SELECT * from score ORDER BY course_id,num desc;
#取得课程编号与第一高的成绩:course_id,first_num
SELECT course_id,max(num) first_num from score GROUP BY course_id;
#取得课程编号与第二高的成绩:course_id,second_num
SELECT score.course_id,max(num) second_num from score LEFT JOIN (
SELECT course_id,max(num) first_num from score GROUP BY course_id
) as t1
on score.course_id = t1.course_id
where score.num < t1.first_num
GROUP BY score.course_id
;
#链表得到一张新表,新表包含课程编号与这门课程前两名的成绩分数
select t1.course_id,t1.first_num,t2.second_num from
(SELECT course_id,max(num) first_num from score GROUP BY course_id) as t1
inner join
(SELECT score.course_id,max(num) second_num from score LEFT JOIN (
SELECT course_id,max(num) first_num from score GROUP BY course_id
) as t1
on score.course_id = t1.course_id
where score.num < t1.first_num
GROUP BY score.course_id) as t2
on t1.course_id = t2.course_id;
#取前两名学生的编号
SELECT score.course_id,score.student_id from score LEFT JOIN (
select t1.course_id,t1.first_num,t2.second_num from
(SELECT course_id,max(num) first_num from score GROUP BY course_id) as t1
inner join
(SELECT score.course_id,max(num) second_num from score LEFT JOIN (
SELECT course_id,max(num) first_num from score GROUP BY course_id
) as t1
on score.course_id = t1.course_id
where score.num < t1.first_num
GROUP BY score.course_id) as t2
on t1.course_id = t2.course_id
) as t3
on score.course_id = t3.course_id
where score.num >= t3.second_num and score.num <= t3.first_num
;
SELECT t4.course_id,student.sname from student inner join
(
SELECT score.course_id,score.student_id from score LEFT JOIN (
select t1.course_id,t1.first_num,t2.second_num from
(SELECT course_id,max(num) first_num from score GROUP BY course_id) as t1
inner join
(SELECT score.course_id,max(num) second_num from score LEFT JOIN (
SELECT course_id,max(num) first_num from score GROUP BY course_id
) as t1
on score.course_id = t1.course_id
where score.num < t1.first_num
GROUP BY score.course_id) as t2
on t1.course_id = t2.course_id
) as t3
on score.course_id = t3.course_id
where score.num >= t3.second_num and score.num <= t3.first_num
) as t4
on student.sid = t4.student_id
ORDER BY t4.course_id
;
select student.sname,t.course_id,t.num from student INNER JOIN
(
select
s1.student_id,s1.course_id,s1.num,
(select num from score as s2 where s2.course_id = s1.course_id order by num desc limit 0,1) as first_num,
(select num from score as s2 where s2.course_id = s1.course_id order by num desc limit 1,1) as second_num
from
score as s1
) as t
on student.sid = t.student_id
where t.num in (t.first_num,t.second_num)
ORDER BY t.course_id
;
SELECT sid from score as s1 ;

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