Spring4 MVC RESTFul WebServices CRUD实例+RestTemplate
REST 表示状态传输。这是一个体系结构样式,可用于设计网络服务,可以被各种客户端消耗。核心思想是,不使用如CORBA,RPC或SOAP复杂的机制在机器之间进行连接,简单的 HTTP 用于使它们之间调用。
-
创建资源:应该使用 HTTP POST
-
要获取资源:应该使用HTTP GET
-
更新资源:应使用HTTP PUT
-
要删除资源:应使用HTTP DELETE
通常Rest 是基于Web服务返回JSON或XML数据格式作为响应,虽然它并不仅仅限于这些类型。客户端可以指定(使用 HTTP Accept 报头),他们所感兴趣的资源类型,并且服务器可以返回资源,指定它所服务的内容类型资源。
下面是一个可能基于 REST 的控制器,实现REST API。这里所说的“可能”,这意味着可以以另一种方式实现它,还是(或者更纯粹的方式)符合REST风格。
- GET 请求 /api/user/ 返回用户的列表
- GET 请求 /api/user/1 返回ID为1的用户
- POST 请求 /api/user/ 以用户对象的JSON格式创建新的用户
- PUT 请求 /api/user/3 以用户对象作为JSON更新ID为3的用户
- DELETE 请求 /api/user/4 删除ID为4的用户
- DELETE 请求 /api/user/ 删除所有的用户
package com.yiibai.springmvc.controller;
import java.util.List;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.http.HttpHeaders;
import org.springframework.http.HttpStatus;
import org.springframework.http.MediaType;
import org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PathVariable;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestBody;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
import org.springframework.web.util.UriComponentsBuilder;
import com.yiibai.springmvc.model.User;
import com.yiibai.springmvc.service.UserService;
@RestController
public class HelloWorldRestController {
@Autowired
UserService userService; //Service which will do all data retrieval/manipulation work
//-------------------Retrieve All Users--------------------------------------------------------
@RequestMapping(value = "/user/", method = RequestMethod.GET)
public ResponseEntity<List<User>> listAllUsers() {
List<User> users = userService.findAllUsers();
if(users.isEmpty()){
return new ResponseEntity<List<User>>(HttpStatus.NO_CONTENT);//You many decide to return HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND
}
return new ResponseEntity<List<User>>(users, HttpStatus.OK);
}
//-------------------Retrieve Single User--------------------------------------------------------
@RequestMapping(value = "/user/{id}", method = RequestMethod.GET, produces = MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON_VALUE)
public ResponseEntity<User> getUser(@PathVariable("id") long id) {
System.out.println("Fetching User with id " + id);
User user = userService.findById(id);
if (user == null) {
System.out.println("User with id " + id + " not found");
return new ResponseEntity<User>(HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND);
}
return new ResponseEntity<User>(user, HttpStatus.OK);
}
//-------------------Create a User--------------------------------------------------------
@RequestMapping(value = "/user/", method = RequestMethod.POST)
public ResponseEntity<Void> createUser(@RequestBody User user, UriComponentsBuilder ucBuilder) {
System.out.println("Creating User " + user.getName());
if (userService.isUserExist(user)) {
System.out.println("A User with name " + user.getName() + " already exist");
return new ResponseEntity<Void>(HttpStatus.CONFLICT);
}
userService.saveUser(user);
HttpHeaders headers = new HttpHeaders();
headers.setLocation(ucBuilder.path("/user/{id}").buildAndExpand(user.getId()).toUri());
return new ResponseEntity<Void>(headers, HttpStatus.CREATED);
}
//------------------- Update a User --------------------------------------------------------
@RequestMapping(value = "/user/{id}", method = RequestMethod.PUT)
public ResponseEntity<User> updateUser(@PathVariable("id") long id, @RequestBody User user) {
System.out.println("Updating User " + id);
User currentUser = userService.findById(id);
if (currentUser==null) {
System.out.println("User with id " + id + " not found");
return new ResponseEntity<User>(HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND);
}
currentUser.setName(user.getName());
currentUser.setAge(user.getAge());
currentUser.setSalary(user.getSalary());
userService.updateUser(currentUser);
return new ResponseEntity<User>(currentUser, HttpStatus.OK);
}
//------------------- Delete a User --------------------------------------------------------
@RequestMapping(value = "/user/{id}", method = RequestMethod.DELETE)
public ResponseEntity<User> deleteUser(@PathVariable("id") long id) {
System.out.println("Fetching & Deleting User with id " + id);
User user = userService.findById(id);
if (user == null) {
System.out.println("Unable to delete. User with id " + id + " not found");
return new ResponseEntity<User>(HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND);
}
userService.deleteUserById(id);
return new ResponseEntity<User>(HttpStatus.NO_CONTENT);
}
//------------------- Delete All Users --------------------------------------------------------
@RequestMapping(value = "/user/", method = RequestMethod.DELETE)
public ResponseEntity<User> deleteAllUsers() {
System.out.println("Deleting All Users");
userService.deleteAllUsers();
return new ResponseEntity<User>(HttpStatus.NO_CONTENT);
}
}
@RestController : 首先,我们使用 Spring4 的新 @RestController 注释。 它的注解消除了注释每个以@ResponseBody的方法。@RestController本身注解为@ResponseBody,并且可以被视为@Controller和@ResponseBody的组合。
@RequestBody : 如果一个方法的参数都注解有@RequestBody,Spring将绑定传入的 HTTP 请求体(在@RequestMapping提到该法的URL)到这个参数。这样做 Spring 将[在后台]使用HTTP消息转换为HTTP请求主体转换成域对象[反序列化要求主体域对象]的基础上,接受或Content-Type头请求。
@ResponseBody :如果一个方法被注解为@ResponseBody,Spring将绑定返回值传出的 HTTP 响应体。这样做Spring将[在后台]使用HTTP消息转换器的返回值转换为HTTP响应体[序列化对象响应正文],根据内容类型出现在请求的HTTP头。 前面已经提到,在 Spring4 可能会停止使用此注释。
ResponseEntity是一个真正处理。 它代表了整个HTTP响应。一件好事是你可以控制任何进入它东西。可以指定状态码,头和主体。它自带几个构造函数执行你想要的 HTTP 响应发送的信息。
@PathVariable 这种表示法表示方法参数应绑定到一个 URI 模板变量[“{}”]。
基本上,@RestController,@RequestBody,ResponseEntity&@PathVariable 都是用 Spring 4 实现 REST API 需要知道的。此外,Spring提供了一些支持类来帮助你实现一些定制。
MediaType : 通过@RequestMapping注解,你还可以,指定要生产或消费的 MediaType(使用生产或消费属性),通过特定的控制器的方法,以进一步缩小映射。
它只是一个普通的控制器类,可部署的应用程序的一部分。[完整下载的应用程序代码显示在本教程文章最后,你可以直接部署到容器。先部署它,才能有这些可用服务,这里先详细讨论了每一个操作。部署的应用程序并访问:http://localhost:8080/Spring4MVCCRUDRestService.
为了测试这个API,这里使用一个外部客户端POSTMAN(这是一个 Chrome 插件,下载安装:http://www.getpostman.com/)。后面我们也将编写我们自己的客户端,也就几分钟的时间。
1. 检索所有用户


你可能想知道的响应是如何发送 JSON 字符串,并在响应中确认Content-Type头。这已在我们的项目Jackson库中实现。
<dependency>
<groupId>com.fasterxml.jackson.core</groupId>
<artifactId>jackson-databind</artifactId>
<version>2.5.3</version>
</dependency>
关于Spring内置转换器,大部分的时间他们只需要某些库在类路径中以便进行转换。当然,有时我们也需要去适应我们的 API/应用程序也是如此。举例来说,如果我们想为XML,我们应标注适当JAXB标注User类。
2. 检索单用户


3. 创建一个用户


发送。您应该看到HTTP200响应,没有主体(如API不发送主体任何东西)。但是,你应该找一个Location头指定位置新创建的用户。


通过这种方式实现是常见的REST。但是,如果你想以 POST/ PUT请求的响应主体发送内容,也没有人阻止你。


请注意,我们收到的响应体的这个时候。这是在控制器中的方法的实现发送。同样,可以决定不发送更新信息的响应体,并只发送位置标头(如创建)。
5. 删除一个用户

6. 删除所有用户

7. 用户删除后,验证所有用户

我们上面使用 Postman 是一个很好的客户端测试 REST API 工具。但是,如果想从应用程序消耗基于REST的Web服务,需要一个REST客户端的应用程序。其中最流行的 HTTP 客户端就是 Apache HttpComponents HttpClient。 但在细节上使用这种访问 REST 服务太低级。
Spring RestTemplate 可以来补救。 RestTemplate 提供对应于六个主要的 HTTP 方法,使许多调用RESTful服务只需要一行代码,就可执行 REST最佳实践的更高层次的方法。
- HTTP GET : getForObject, getForEntity
- HTTP PUT : put(String url, Object request, String…urlVariables)
- HTTP DELETE : delete
- HTTP POST : postForLocation(String url, Object request, String… urlVariables), postForObject(String url, Object request, Class responseType, String… uriVariables)
- HTTP HEAD : headForHeaders(String url, String… urlVariables)
- HTTP OPTIONS : optionsForAllow(String url, String… urlVariables)
- HTTP PATCH and others : exchange execute
package com.yiibai.springmvc;
import java.net.URI;
import java.util.LinkedHashMap;
import java.util.List;
import org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate;
import com.yiibai.springmvc.model.User;
public class SpringRestTestClient {
public static final String REST_SERVICE_URI = "http://localhost:8080/Spring4MVCCRUDRestService";
/* GET */
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
private static void listAllUsers(){
System.out.println("Testing listAllUsers API-----------");
RestTemplate restTemplate = new RestTemplate();
List<LinkedHashMap<String, Object>> usersMap = restTemplate.getForObject(REST_SERVICE_URI+"/user/", List.class);
if(usersMap!=null){
for(LinkedHashMap<String, Object> map : usersMap){
System.out.println("User : id="+map.get("id")+", Name="+map.get("name")+", Age="+map.get("age")+", Salary="+map.get("salary"));;
}
}else{
System.out.println("No user exist----------");
}
}
/* GET */
private static void getUser(){
System.out.println("Testing getUser API----------");
RestTemplate restTemplate = new RestTemplate();
User user = restTemplate.getForObject(REST_SERVICE_URI+"/user/1", User.class);
System.out.println(user);
}
/* POST */
private static void createUser() {
System.out.println("Testing create User API----------");
RestTemplate restTemplate = new RestTemplate();
User user = new User(0,"Sarah",51,134);
URI uri = restTemplate.postForLocation(REST_SERVICE_URI+"/user/", user, User.class);
System.out.println("Location : "+uri.toASCIIString());
}
/* PUT */
private static void updateUser() {
System.out.println("Testing update User API----------");
RestTemplate restTemplate = new RestTemplate();
User user = new User(1,"Tomy",33, 70000);
restTemplate.put(REST_SERVICE_URI+"/user/1", user);
System.out.println(user);
}
/* DELETE */
private static void deleteUser() {
System.out.println("Testing delete User API----------");
RestTemplate restTemplate = new RestTemplate();
restTemplate.delete(REST_SERVICE_URI+"/user/3");
}
/* DELETE */
private static void deleteAllUsers() {
System.out.println("Testing all delete Users API----------");
RestTemplate restTemplate = new RestTemplate();
restTemplate.delete(REST_SERVICE_URI+"/user/");
}
public static void main(String args[]){
listAllUsers();
getUser();
createUser();
listAllUsers();
updateUser();
listAllUsers();
deleteUser();
listAllUsers();
deleteAllUsers();
listAllUsers();
}
}
Testing listAllUsers API----------- User : id=1, Name=Sam, Age=30, Salary=70000.0 User : id=2, Name=Tom, Age=40, Salary=50000.0 User : id=3, Name=Jerome, Age=45, Salary=30000.0 User : id=4, Name=Silvia, Age=50, Salary=40000.0 Testing getUser API---------- User [id=1, name=Sam, age=30, salary=70000.0] Testing create User API---------- Location : http://localhost:8080/Spring4MVCCRUDRestService/user/5 Testing listAllUsers API----------- User : id=1, Name=Sam, Age=30, Salary=70000.0 User : id=2, Name=Tom, Age=40, Salary=50000.0 User : id=3, Name=Jerome, Age=45, Salary=30000.0 User : id=4, Name=Silvia, Age=50, Salary=40000.0 User : id=5, Name=Sarah, Age=51, Salary=134.0 Testing update User API---------- User [id=1, name=Tomy, age=33, salary=70000.0] Testing listAllUsers API----------- User : id=1, Name=Tomy, Age=33, Salary=70000.0 User : id=2, Name=Tom, Age=40, Salary=50000.0 User : id=3, Name=Jerome, Age=45, Salary=30000.0 User : id=4, Name=Silvia, Age=50, Salary=40000.0 User : id=5, Name=Sarah, Age=51, Salary=134.0 Testing delete User API---------- Testing listAllUsers API----------- User : id=1, Name=Tomy, Age=33, Salary=70000.0 User : id=2, Name=Tom, Age=40, Salary=50000.0 User : id=4, Name=Silvia, Age=50, Salary=40000.0 User : id=5, Name=Sarah, Age=51, Salary=134.0 Testing all delete Users API---------- Testing listAllUsers API----------- No user exist----------
完整的实例
工程结构

<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/maven-v4_0_0.xsd">
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<groupId>com.yiibai.springmvc</groupId>
<artifactId>Spring4MVCCRUDRestService</artifactId>
<packaging>war</packaging>
<version>1.0.0</version>
<name>Spring4MVCCRUDRestService Maven Webapp</name>
<properties>
<springframework.version>4.2.0.RELEASE</springframework.version>
<jackson.version>2.5.3</jackson.version>
</properties>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-webmvc</artifactId>
<version>${springframework.version}</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-tx</artifactId>
<version>${springframework.version}</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>com.fasterxml.jackson.core</groupId>
<artifactId>jackson-databind</artifactId>
<version>${jackson.version}</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>javax.servlet</groupId>
<artifactId>javax.servlet-api</artifactId>
<version>3.1.0</version>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
<build>
<pluginManagement>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
<artifactId>maven-war-plugin</artifactId>
<version>2.4</version>
<configuration>
<warSourceDirectory>src/main/webapp</warSourceDirectory>
<warName>Spring4MVCCRUDRestService</warName>
<failOnMissingWebXml>false</failOnMissingWebXml>
</configuration>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</pluginManagement>
<finalName>Spring4MVCCRUDRestService</finalName>
</build>
</project>
User Service
package com.yiibai.springmvc.service;
import java.util.List;
import com.yiibai.springmvc.model.User;
public interface UserService {
User findById(long id);
User findByName(String name);
void saveUser(User user);
void updateUser(User user);
void deleteUserById(long id);
List<User> findAllUsers();
void deleteAllUsers();
public boolean isUserExist(User user);
}
package com.yiibai.springmvc.service;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Transactional;
import com.yiibai.springmvc.model.User;
@Service("userService")
@Transactional
public class UserServiceImpl implements UserService{
private static final AtomicLong counter = new AtomicLong();
private static List<User> users;
static{
users= populateDummyUsers();
}
public List<User> findAllUsers() {
return users;
}
public User findById(long id) {
for(User user : users){
if(user.getId() == id){
return user;
}
}
return null;
}
public User findByName(String name) {
for(User user : users){
if(user.getName().equalsIgnoreCase(name)){
return user;
}
}
return null;
}
public void saveUser(User user) {
user.setId(counter.incrementAndGet());
users.add(user);
}
public void updateUser(User user) {
int index = users.indexOf(user);
users.set(index, user);
}
public void deleteUserById(long id) {
for (Iterator<User> iterator = users.iterator(); iterator.hasNext(); ) {
User user = iterator.next();
if (user.getId() == id) {
iterator.remove();
}
}
}
public boolean isUserExist(User user) {
return findByName(user.getName())!=null;
}
private static List<User> populateDummyUsers(){
List<User> users = new ArrayList<User>();
users.add(new User(counter.incrementAndGet(),"Sam",30, 70000));
users.add(new User(counter.incrementAndGet(),"Tom",40, 50000));
users.add(new User(counter.incrementAndGet(),"Jerome",45, 30000));
users.add(new User(counter.incrementAndGet(),"Silvia",50, 40000));
return users;
}
public void deleteAllUsers() {
users.clear();
}
}
Model class
package com.yiibai.springmvc.model;
public class User {
private long id;
private String name;
private int age;
private double salary;
public User(){
id=0;
}
public User(long id, String name, int age, double salary){
this.id = id;
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
this.salary = salary;
}
public long getId() {
return id;
}
public void setId(long id) {
this.id = id;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public int getAge() {
return age;
}
public void setAge(int age) {
this.age = age;
}
public double getSalary() {
return salary;
}
public void setSalary(double salary) {
this.salary = salary;
}
@Override
public int hashCode() {
final int prime = 31;
int result = 1;
result = prime * result + (int) (id ^ (id >>> 32));
return result;
}
@Override
public boolean equals(Object obj) {
if (this == obj)
return true;
if (obj == null)
return false;
if (getClass() != obj.getClass())
return false;
User other = (User) obj;
if (id != other.id)
return false;
return true;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "User [id=" + id + ", name=" + name + ", age=" + age
+ ", salary=" + salary + "]";
}
}
Configuration class
package com.yiibai.springmvc.configuration;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.EnableWebMvc;
@Configuration
@EnableWebMvc
@ComponentScan(basePackages = "com.yiibai.springmvc")
public class HelloWorldConfiguration {
}
Initialization Class
package com.yiibai.springmvc.configuration;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.support.AbstractAnnotationConfigDispatcherServletInitializer;
public class HelloWorldInitializer extends AbstractAnnotationConfigDispatcherServletInitializer {
@Override
protected Class<?>[] getRootConfigClasses() {
return new Class[] { HelloWorldConfiguration.class };
}
@Override
protected Class<?>[] getServletConfigClasses() {
return null;
}
@Override
protected String[] getServletMappings() {
return new String[] { "/" };
}
}
” No ‘Access-Control-Allow-Origin’ 的头存在于所请求的资源。 Origin ‘http://127.0.0.1:8080′ is therefore not allowed access.” OR” XMLHttpRequest cannot load http://abc.com/bla. Origin http://localhost:12345 is not allowed by Access-Control-Allow-Origin.” are common in such case.
解决办法是跨域资源共享。基本上,在服务器端,我们可以返回更多的CORS系统的访问控制头在响应中,这将最终允许进一步域间的通信。
package com.yiibai.springmvc.configuration;
import java.io.IOException;
import javax.servlet.Filter;
import javax.servlet.FilterChain;
import javax.servlet.FilterConfig;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.ServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.ServletResponse;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
public class CORSFilter implements Filter {
public void doFilter(ServletRequest req, ServletResponse res, FilterChain chain) throws IOException, ServletException {
System.out.println("Filtering on...........................................................");
HttpServletResponse response = (HttpServletResponse) res;
response.setHeader("Access-Control-Allow-Origin", "*");
response.setHeader("Access-Control-Allow-Methods", "POST, GET, PUT, OPTIONS, DELETE");
response.setHeader("Access-Control-Max-Age", "3600");
response.setHeader("Access-Control-Allow-Headers", "x-requested-with");
chain.doFilter(req, res);
}
public void init(FilterConfig filterConfig) {}
public void destroy() {}
}
package com.yiibai.springmvc.configuration;
import javax.servlet.Filter;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.support.AbstractAnnotationConfigDispatcherServletInitializer;
public class HelloWorldInitializer extends AbstractAnnotationConfigDispatcherServletInitializer {
@Override
protected Class<?>[] getRootConfigClasses() {
return new Class[] { HelloWorldConfiguration.class };
}
@Override
protected Class<?>[] getServletConfigClasses() {
return null;
}
@Override
protected String[] getServletMappings() {
return new String[] { "/" };
}
@Override
protected Filter[] getServletFilters() {
Filter [] singleton = { new CORSFilter()};
return singleton;
}
}
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