实验6
任务一:
contestant.hpp
1 #pragma once 2 #include <iomanip> 3 #include <iostream> 4 #include <string> 5 6 struct Contestant { 7 long id; // 学号 8 std::string name; // 姓名 9 std::string major; // 专业 10 int solved; // 解题数 11 int penalty; // 总罚时 12 }; 13 14 // 重载<< 15 // 要求:姓名/专业里不含空白符 16 inline std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& out, const Contestant& c) { 17 out << std::left; 18 out << std::setw(15) << c.id 19 << std::setw(15) << c.name 20 << std::setw(15) << c.major 21 << std::setw(10) << c.solved 22 << std::setw(10) << c.penalty; 23 24 return out; 25 } 26 27 // 重载>> 28 inline std::istream& operator>>(std::istream& in, Contestant& c) { 29 in >> c.id >> c.name >> c.major >> c.solved >> c.penalty; 30 31 return in; 32 }
utils.hpp
1 #pragma once 2 #include <fstream> 3 #include <iostream> 4 #include <stdexcept> 5 #include <string> 6 #include <vector> 7 #include "contestant.hpp" 8 9 // ACM 排序规则:先按解题数降序,再按罚时升序 10 inline bool cmp_by_solve(const Contestant& a, const Contestant& b) { 11 if(a.solved != b.solved) 12 return a.solved > b.solved; 13 14 return a.penalty < b.penalty; 15 } 16 17 // 将结果写至任意输出流 18 inline void write(std::ostream& os, const std::vector<Contestant>& v) { 19 for (const auto& x : v) 20 os << x << '\n'; 21 } 22 23 // 将结果打印到屏幕 24 inline void print(const std::vector<Contestant>& v) { 25 write(std::cout, v); 26 } 27 28 // 将结果保存到文件 29 inline void save(const std::string& filename, const std::vector<Contestant>& v) { 30 std::ofstream os(filename); 31 if (!os) 32 throw std::runtime_error("fail to open " + filename); 33 34 write(os, v); 35 } 36 37 // 从文件读取信息(跳过标题行) 38 inline std::vector<Contestant> load(const std::string& filename) { 39 std::ifstream is(filename); 40 if (!is) 41 throw std::runtime_error("fail to open " + filename); 42 43 std::string line; 44 std::getline(is, line); // 跳过标题 45 46 std::vector<Contestant> v; 47 Contestant t; 48 int seq; 49 while (is >> seq >> t) 50 v.push_back(t); 51 52 return v; 53 }
task1.cpp
1 #include <algorithm> 2 #include <iostream> 3 #include <stdexcept> 4 #include <vector> 5 #include "contestant.hpp" 6 #include "utils.hpp" 7 8 const std::string in_file = "./data.txt"; 9 const std::string out_file = "./ans.txt"; 10 11 void app() { 12 std::vector<Contestant> contestants; 13 14 try { 15 contestants = load(in_file); 16 std::sort(contestants.begin(), contestants.end(), cmp_by_solve); 17 print(contestants); 18 save(out_file, contestants); 19 } catch (const std::exception& e) { 20 std::cerr << e.what() << '\n'; 21 return; 22 } 23 } 24 25 int main() { 26 app(); 27 }
输出结果:

#问题1:流操作与代码复用
观察 print() 与 save() 的实现,均在内部调用 write() :
(1) write() 的参数类型是 std::ostream& ,它为什么能同时接受 std::cout 和 std::ofstream 对象作为实参?
std::ostream是所有输出流类的基类,std::cout和std::ofstream是std::ostream的派生类对象,可以基类的引用调用
(2)如果要把结果写到其他设备,只要该设备也提供 std::ostream 接口,还需改动 write() 吗?
不需要
##问题2:异常处理与捕获
在代码中找到两处 throw 语句,说明:
(1)什么情况下会抛出异常;
if(!os)
throw std::runtime_error("fail to open " + filename);
if(!is)
throw std::runtime_error("fail to open " + filename);
文件无法正常打开时
(2)异常被谁捕获、做了哪些处理。
try {
contestants = load(in_file);
std::sort(contestants.begin(), contestants.end(), cmp_by_solve);
print(contestants);
save(out_file, contestants);
} catch(const std::exception& e) {
std::cerr << e.what() << '\n';
return;
}
在app()函数中被捕获;
输出错误信息,提前中止函数
###问题3:替代写法
函数app中 std::sort(contestants.begin(), contestants.end(), cmp_by_solve); 参数 cmp_by_solve 换成下面的lambda表达式是否可以?功能、性能、结果是否一致?
1 [](const Contestant& a, const Contestant& b) { 2 return a.solved != b.solved ? a.solved > b.solved 3 : a.penalty < b.penalty;}
可以;一致
####问题4:数据完整性与代码健壮性
把 in _file 改成 "./data_bad.txt" (内含空白行或字段缺失),重新编译运行:
(1)观察运行结果有什么问题?给出测试截图并分析原因。

序号2-3之间的空行会导致is >> seq读取失败,会跳过前导空白
序号7数据缺失
(2)思考:如何修改函数 std::vector load(const std::string& filename) ,使其提示出 错行号并跳过有问题的数据行,同时让程序继续执行?(选答*)
1 inline std::vector<Contestant> load(const std::string& filename) { 2 std::ifstream is(filename); 3 if (!is) 4 throw std::runtime_error("fail to open " + filename); 5 6 std::string line; 7 std::getline(is, line); // 跳过标题 8 int i = 1; 9 10 std::vector<Contestant> v; 11 Contestant t; 12 int seq; 13 while (std::getline(is,line)) { 14 i++; 15 if(line.empty()) { 16 std::cerr << "警告:跳过第 " << i << " 行:空行\n"; 17 continue; 18 } 19 std::istringstream is_(line); 20 if(!(is_ >> seq >> t.id >> t.name >> t.major >> t.solved >> t.penalty)) { 21 std::cerr << "警告:跳过第 " << i << " 行:数据缺失:" << line << "\n"; 22 continue; 23 } 24 v.push_back(t); 25 } 26 27 return v; 28 }

任务二:
student.hpp
1 #pragma once 2 3 #include <iostream> 4 #include <string> 5 6 class Student { 7 public: 8 Student() = default; 9 ~Student() = default; 10 11 const std::string get_major() const; 12 int get_grade() const; 13 14 friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Student& s); 15 friend std::istream& operator>>(std::istream& is, Student& s); 16 17 private: 18 int id; 19 std::string name; 20 std::string major; 21 int grade; // 0-100 22 };
student.cpp
#include"student.hpp" #include<iostream> #include<string> #include<iomanip> const std::string Student::get_major() const { return major; } int Student::get_grade() const { return grade; } std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os,const Student& s) { os << std::left; os << std::setw(8) << s.id << std::setw(8) << s.name << std::setw(8) << s.major << std::setw(8) << s.grade; return os; } std::istream& operator>>(std::istream& is,Student& s) { is >> s.id >> s.name >> s.major >> s.grade; return is; }
stumgr.hpp
1 #pragma once 2 #include <string> 3 #include <vector> 4 #include "student.hpp" 5 6 class StuMgr { 7 public: 8 void load(const std::string& file); // 加载数据文件(空格分隔) 9 void sort(); // 排序: 按专业字典序升序、同专业分数降序 10 void print() const; // 打印到屏幕 11 void save(const std::string& file) const; // 保存到文件 12 13 private: 14 void write(std::ostream &os) const; // 把数据写到任意输出流 15 16 private: 17 std::vector<Student> students; 18 };
stumgr.cpp
1 #include"stumgr.hpp" 2 #include<string> 3 #include<vector> 4 #include<iostream> 5 #include<fstream> 6 #include<sstream> 7 #include<stdexcept> 8 #include<algorithm> 9 10 void StuMgr::write(std::ostream &os) const { 11 for(const auto& x:students) 12 os << x << "\n"; 13 } 14 15 void StuMgr::print() const { 16 write(std::cout); 17 } 18 19 void StuMgr::sort() { 20 std::sort(students.begin(),students.end(), 21 [](const Student &a,const Student &b){ 22 return a.get_major() != b.get_major()?a.get_major()<b.get_major():a.get_grade()>b.get_grade(); 23 }); 24 } 25 26 void StuMgr::save(const std::string& file) const { 27 std::ofstream os(file); 28 if(!os) 29 throw std::runtime_error("fail to open " + file); 30 write(os); 31 } 32 33 void StuMgr::load(const std::string& file) { 34 std::ifstream is(file); 35 if(!is) 36 throw std::runtime_error("fail to open " + file); 37 38 std::string line; 39 std::getline(is,line); 40 int i = 1; 41 Student stu; 42 while(std::getline(is,line)) { 43 i++; 44 std::istringstream is_(line); 45 if(!(is_ >> stu)) { 46 std::cerr << "[Warning] line " << i << " format error,skipped:" << line << "\n"; 47 continue; 48 } 49 if(stu.get_grade() < 0 || stu.get_grade() > 100) { 50 std::cerr << "[Warning] line " << i << " grade invalid,skipped:" << line << "\n"; 51 continue; 52 } 53 students.push_back(stu); 54 } 55 }
task2.cpp
1 #include <iostream> 2 #include <limits> 3 #include <string> 4 #include "stumgr.hpp" 5 6 const std::string in_file = "./data.txt"; 7 const std::string out_file = "./ans.txt"; 8 9 void menu() { 10 std::cout << "\n**********简易应用**********\n" 11 "1. 加载文件\n" 12 "2. 排序\n" 13 "3. 打印到屏幕\n" 14 "4. 保存到文件\n" 15 "5. 退出\n" 16 "请选择:"; 17 } 18 19 void app() { 20 StuMgr mgr; 21 22 while(true) { 23 menu(); 24 int choice; 25 std::cin >> choice; 26 27 try { 28 switch (choice) { 29 case 1: mgr.load(in_file); 30 std::cout << "加载成功\n"; break; 31 case 2: mgr.sort(); 32 std::cout << "排序已完成\n"; break; 33 case 3: mgr.print(); 34 std::cout << "打印已完成\n"; break; 35 case 4: mgr.save(out_file); 36 std::cout << "导出成功\n"; break; 37 case 5: return; 38 default: std::cout << "不合法输入\n"; 39 } 40 } 41 catch (const std::exception& e) { 42 std::cout << "Error: " << e.what() << '\n'; 43 } 44 } 45 } 46 47 int main() { 48 app(); 49 }
输出结果:



文件异常:



实验总结:
通过本次实验,我对异常处理,文件读写操作有了进一步理解,同时认识到std::ostream是所有输出流类的基类,std::cout、std::ofstream是std::ostream的派生类对象,对文件异常处理有了初步认识
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