Database基础(三)：SQL数据导入/导出、 操作表记录、查询及匹配条件
一、SQL数据导入/导出
目标：
使用SQL语句完成下列导出、导入操作：
- 将/etc/passwd文件导入userdb库userlist表并给每条记录加编号
- 将userdb库userlist表中UID小于100的前10条记录导出，存为/dbak/ulist.txt文件
步骤：
步骤一：将/etc/passwd文件导入MySQL数据库
导入后的表结构取决于/etc/passwd配置文件。若一时记不住各字段的含义，也可以查看passwd配置文件的man手册页，找到格式描述相关的说明，比如：
[root@dbsvr1 ~]# man 5 passwd
.. ..
Each line of the file describes a single user, and contains seven colon-sep‐
arated fields:
name:password:UID:GID:GECOS:directory:shell //各字段的顺序、大致用途
The field are as follows: //以下详细解释各字段的作用
name This is the user's login name. It should not contain capital
letters.
password This is either the encrypted user password, an asterisk (*), or
the letter 'x'. (See pwconv(8) for an explanation of 'x'.)
UID The privileged root login account (superuser) has the user ID 0.
GID This is the numeric primary group ID for this user. (Additional
groups for the user are defined in the system group file; see
group(5)).
GECOS stands for "General Electric Comprehensive Operating Sys‐
tem", which was renamed to GCOS when GE's large systems division
was sold to Honeywell. Dennis Ritchie has reported: "Sometimes
we sent printer output or batch jobs to the GCOS machine. The
gcos field in the password file was a place to stash the infor‐
mation for the $IDENTcard. Not elegant."
directory This is the user's home directory: the initial directory where
the user is placed after logging in. The value in this field is
used to set the HOME environment variable.
shell This is the program to run at login (if empty, use /bin/sh). If
set to a nonexistent executable, the user will be unable to
login through login(1). The value in this field is used to set
the SHELL environment variable.
.. ..
1）新建userdb库、userlist表
以数据库用户root登入MySQL服务：
[root@dbsvr1 ~]# mysql -u root -p
Enter password:
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 5
Server version: 5.7.17 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql>
新建userdb库，切换到userdb库：
mysql> CREATE DATABASE userdb;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> USE userdb;
Database changed
新建userlist表，字段设置及相关操作参考如下：
mysql> CREATE TABLE userlist(
-> username varchar(24) NOT NULL,
-> password varchar(48) DEFAULT 'x',
-> uid int(5) NOT NULL,
-> gid int(5) NOT NULL,
-> fullname varchar(48),
-> homedir varchar(64) NOT NULL,
-> shell varchar(24) NOT NULL
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.70 sec)
确认userlist表的结构：
mysql> DESC userlist;
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| username | varchar(24) | NO | | NULL | |
| password | varchar(48) | YES | | x | |
| uid | int(5) | NO | | NULL | |
| gid | int(5) | NO | | NULL | |
| fullname | varchar(48) | YES | | NULL | |
| homedir | varchar(64) | NO | | NULL | |
| shell | varchar(24) | NO | | NULL | |
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
7 rows in set (0.01 sec)
2）如果直接导入会报错。在MySQL 5.7.6版本之后，导入文件只能在secure_file_priv指定的文件夹下。执行show variables like '%secure%'命令显示文件目录：
mysql> LOAD DATA INFILE '/etc/passwd' INTO TABLE userlist FIELDS TERMINATED BY ':';
ERROR 1290 (HY000): The MySQL server is running with the --secure-file-priv option so it cannot execute this statement
mysql> show variables like '%secure%';
+--------------------------+-----------------------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+--------------------------+-----------------------+
| require_secure_transport | OFF |
| secure_auth | ON |
| secure_file_priv | /var/lib/mysql-files/ |
+--------------------------+-----------------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
3）执行导入操作
将/etc/passwd文件复制到/var/lib/mysql-files/目录下，
读取/var/lib/mysql-files/passwd文件内容，以“:”为分隔，导入到userlist表中：
[root@dbsvr1 ~]#cp /etc/passwd /var/lib/mysql-files/
mysql> LOAD DATA INFILE '/var/lib/mysql-files/passwd'
-> INTO TABLE userlist
-> FIELDS TERMINATED BY ':';
Query OK, 39 rows affected (0.11 sec)
Records: 39 Deleted: 0 Skipped: 0 Warnings: 0
上述操作中省略了行分隔 LINES TERMINATED BY '\n'，因为这是默认的情况（每行一条原始记录），除非需要以其他字符分割行，才需要用到这个。比如，以下操作指定了行分隔为'\n'，将/var /lib/mysql-files/passwd文件的内容导入另一个表userlist2，最终userlist2表的内容与userlsit的内容是 一样的：
mysql> CREATE TABLE userlist2 //参照userlist表结构建立新表
-> SELECT * FROM userlist WHERE FALSE;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.48 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> SELECT * FROM userlist2; //确认新表userlist2无任何记录
Empty set (0.00 sec)
mysql> LOAD DATA INFILE '/var/lib/mysql-files/passwd' //导入时指定行分隔
-> INTO TABLE userlist2
-> FIELDS TERMINATED BY ':'
-> LINES TERMINATED BY '\n';
Query OK, 39 rows affected (0.05 sec)
Records: 39 Deleted: 0 Skipped: 0 Warnings: 0
4）确认导入结果
分别统计userlist、userlist2表内的记录个数：
mysql> SELECT COUNT(*) FROM userlist;
+----------+
| COUNT(*) |
+----------+
| 39 | //userlist表有39条记录
+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> SELECT COUNT(*) FROM userlist2;
+----------+
| COUNT(*) |
+----------+
| 39 | //userlist表也有39条记录
+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
查看userlist表的前10条记录，列出用户名、UID、GID、宿主目录、登录Shell：
mysql> SELECT username,uid,gid,homedir,shell
-> FROM userlist LIMIT 10;
+----------+-----+-----+-----------------+----------------+
| username | uid | gid | homedir | shell |
+----------+-----+-----+-----------------+----------------+
| root | 0 | 0 | /root | /bin/bash |
| bin | 1 | 1 | /bin | /sbin/nologin |
| daemon | 2 | 2 | /sbin | /sbin/nologin |
| adm | 3 | 4 | /var/adm | /sbin/nologin |
| lp | 4 | 7 | /var/spool/lpd | /sbin/nologin |
| sync | 5 | 0 | /sbin | /bin/sync |
| shutdown | 6 | 0 | /sbin | /sbin/shutdown |
| halt | 7 | 0 | /sbin | /sbin/halt |
| mail | 8 | 12 | /var/spool/mail | /sbin/nologin |
| operator | 11 | 0 | /root | /sbin/nologin |
+----------+-----+-----+-----------------+----------------+
10 rows in set (0.00 sec)
查看userlist2表的前10条记录，同样列出用户名、UID、GID、宿主目录、登录Shell：
mysql> SELECT username,uid,gid,homedir,shell
-> FROM userlist2 LIMIT 10;
+----------+-----+-----+-----------------+----------------+
| username | uid | gid | homedir | shell |
+----------+-----+-----+-----------------+----------------+
| root | 0 | 0 | /root | /bin/bash |
| bin | 1 | 1 | /bin | /sbin/nologin |
| daemon | 2 | 2 | /sbin | /sbin/nologin |
| adm | 3 | 4 | /var/adm | /sbin/nologin |
| lp | 4 | 7 | /var/spool/lpd | /sbin/nologin |
| sync | 5 | 0 | /sbin | /bin/sync |
| shutdown | 6 | 0 | /sbin | /sbin/shutdown |
| halt | 7 | 0 | /sbin | /sbin/halt |
| mail | 8 | 12 | /var/spool/mail | /sbin/nologin |
| operator | 11 | 0 | /root | /sbin/nologin |
+----------+-----+-----+-----------------+----------------+
10 rows in set (0.00 sec)
步骤二：为userlist表中的每条记录添加自动编号
这个只要修改userlist表结构，添加一个自增字段即可。
比如，添加一个名为sn的序号列，作为userlist表的第一个字段：
1）添加自增主键字段sn
mysql> ALTER TABLE userlist
-> ADD sn int(4) AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY FIRST;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.62 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
2）验证自动编号结果
查看userlist表的前10条记录，列出序号、用户名、UID、GID、宿主目录：
mysql> SELECT sn,username,uid,gid,homedir
-> FROM userlist LIMIT 10;
+----+----------+-----+-----+-----------------+
| sn | username | uid | gid | homedir |
+----+----------+-----+-----+-----------------+
| 1 | root | 0 | 0 | /root |
| 2 | bin | 1 | 1 | /bin |
| 3 | daemon | 2 | 2 | /sbin |
| 4 | adm | 3 | 4 | /var/adm |
| 5 | lp | 4 | 7 | /var/spool/lpd |
| 6 | sync | 5 | 0 | /sbin |
| 7 | shutdown | 6 | 0 | /sbin |
| 8 | halt | 7 | 0 | /sbin |
| 9 | mail | 8 | 12 | /var/spool/mail |
| 10 | operator | 11 | 0 | /root |
+----+----------+-----+-----+-----------------+
10 rows in set (0.00 sec)
步骤三：从MySQL数据库中导出查询结果
以将userdb库userlist表中UID小于100的前10条记录导出为/var/lib/mysql-files/ulist.txt文件为例。
1）确认存放导出数据的文件夹
[root@dbsvr1 ~]# ls -ld /var/lib/mysql-files/
drwxr-x---. 2 mysql mysql 19 4月 7 11:15 /var/lib/mysql-files/
2）导出userlsit表中UID小于100的前10条记录
如果以默认的'\n' 为行分隔，导出操作同样可不指定LINES TERMINATED BY：
mysql> SELECT * FROM userdb.userlist WHERE uid<100
-> INTO OUTFILE '/var/lib/mysql-files/ulist.txt'
-> FIELDS TERMINATED BY ':';
Query OK, 24 rows affected (0.00 sec)
3）确认导出结果
返回到Shell命令行，查看/var/lib/mysql-files/ulist.txt文件的行数：
[root@dbsvr1 ~]# wc -l /var/lib/mysql-files/ulist.txt
24 /var/lib/mysql-files/ulist.txt
查看/var/lib/mysql-files/ulist.txt文件的最后10行内容：
[root@dbsvr1 ~]# tail /var/lib/mysql-files/ulist.txt
19:avahi:x:70:70:Avahi mDNS/DNS-SD Stack:/var/run/avahi-daemon:/sbin/nologin
24:rpc:x:32:32:Rpcbind Daemon:/var/lib/rpcbind:/sbin/nologin
25:rpcuser:x:29:29:RPC Service User:/var/lib/nfs:/sbin/nologin
28:radvd:x:75:75:radvd user:/:/sbin/nologin
29:ntp:x:38:38::/etc/ntp:/sbin/nologin
33:gdm:x:42:42::/var/lib/gdm:/sbin/nologin
35:postfix:x:89:89::/var/spool/postfix:/sbin/nologin
36:sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated SSH:/var/empty/sshd:/sbin/nologin
37:tcpdump:x:72:72::/:/sbin/nologin
39:mysql:x:27:27:MySQL Server:/var/lib/mysql:/bin/false
二、操作表记录
目标：
练习表记录的操作
- 表记录的插入
- 表记录的更新
- 表记录的查询
- 表记录的删除
步骤一：创建stu_info表，并确保stu_info表记录为空。
在userdb库中创建stu_info表：
[root@dbsvr1 ~]# mysql -uroot -p
Enter password:
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 19
Server version: 5.7.17 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql> use userdb;
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A
Database changed
mysql> CREATE TABLE stu_info(
-> name varchar(12) NOT NULL,
-> gender enum('boy','girl') DEFAULT 'boy',
-> age int(3) NOT NULL
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.23 sec)
删除stu_info表的所有记录：
mysql> DELETE FROM stu_info;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) //stu_info表刚建立 删除零条记录
确认删除结果：
mysql> SELECT * FROM stu_info;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
步骤二：练习表记录的操作
1）插入记录时，指定记录的每一个字段的值
这种情况下，不需要明确指出字段，但每条记录的值的顺序、类型都必须与表格结构向一致，否则可能无法正确插入记录。
比如，以下操作将向stu_info表插入3条表记录：
mysql> INSERT stu_info VALUES
-> ('Jim','girl',24),
-> ('Tom','boy',21),
-> ('Lily','girl',20);
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.15 sec)
Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
完成插入后确认表记录：
mysql> SELECT * FROM stu_info;
+------+--------+-----+
| name | gender | age |
+------+--------+-----+
| Jim | girl | 24 |
| Tom | boy | 21 |
| Lily | girl | 20 |
+------+--------+-----+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2）插入记录时，只指定记录的部分字段的值
这种情况下，必须指出各项值所对应的字段；而且，未赋值的字段应设置有默认值或者有自增填充属性或者允许为空，否则插入操作将会失败。
比如，向stu_info表插入Jerry的年龄信息，性别为默认的“boy”，自动编号，相关操作如下：
mysql> INSERT INTO stu_info(name,age)
-> VALUES('Jerry',27);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)
类似的，再插入用户Mike的年龄信息：
mysql> INSERT INTO stu_info(name,age)
-> VALUES('Mike',21);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)
确认目前stu_info表的所有记录：
mysql> SELECT * FROM stu_info;
+-------+--------+-----+
| name | gender | age |
+-------+--------+-----+
| Jim | girl | 24 |
| Tom | boy | 21 |
| Lily | girl | 20 |
| Jerry | boy | 27 |
| Mike | boy | 21 |
+-------+--------+-----+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
3）更新表记录时，若未限制条件，则适用于所有记录
将stu_info表中所有记录的age设置为10：
mysql> UPDATE stu_info SET age=10;
Query OK, 5 rows affected (0.04 sec)
Rows matched: 5 Changed: 5 Warnings: 0
确认更新结果：
mysql> SELECT * FROM stu_info;
+-------+--------+-----+
| name | gender | age |
+-------+--------+-----+
| Jim | girl | 10 |
| Tom | boy | 10 |
| Lily | girl | 10 |
| Jerry | boy | 10 |
| Mike | boy | 10 |
+-------+--------+-----+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
4）更新表记录时，可以限制条件，只对符合条件的记录有效
将stu_info表中所有性别为“boy”的记录的age设置为20：
mysql> UPDATE stu_info SET age=20
-> WHERE gender='boy';
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.04 sec)
Rows matched: 3 Changed: 3 Warnings: 0
确认更新结果：
mysql> SELECT * FROM stu_info;
+-------+--------+-----+
| name | gender | age |
+-------+--------+-----+
| Jim | girl | 10 |
| Tom | boy | 20 |
| Lily | girl | 10 |
| Jerry | boy | 20 |
| Mike | boy | 20 |
+-------+--------+-----+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
5）删除表记录时，可以限制条件，只删除符合条件的记录
删除stu_info表中年龄小于18的记录：
mysql> DELETE FROM stu_info WHERE age < 18;
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.03 sec)
确认删除结果：
mysql> SELECT * FROM stu_info;
+-------+--------+-----+
| name | gender | age |
+-------+--------+-----+
| Tom | boy | 20 |
| Jerry | boy | 20 |
| Mike | boy | 20 |
+-------+--------+-----+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
6）删除表记录时，如果未限制条件，则会删除所有的表记录
删除stu_info表的所有记录：
mysql> DELETE FROM stu_info;
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.00 sec)
确认删除结果：
mysql> SELECT * FROM stu_info;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
三、查询及匹配条件
目标：
练习常见的SQL查询及条件设置
创建stu_info表，并插入数据
练习常见SQL查询及条件设置
步骤：
步骤一：根据任务要求建立员工档案表stu_info（如上个实验已创建，可将上个实验stu_info表中记录清除后继续使用）
1）在userdb库中创建stu_info表
以root用户登入MySQL服务器：
[root@dbsvr1 ~]# mysql -u root -p
Enter password:
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 5
Server version: 5.6.15 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql>
打开test库：
mysql> USE userdb;
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A
Database changed
创建stu_info表，包括name、gender、age三个字段：
mysql> CREATE TABLE stu_info(
-> name varchar(12) NOT NULL,
-> gender enum('boy','girl') DEFAULT 'boy',
-> age int(3) NOT NULL
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
确认表结构：
mysql> DESC stu_info;
+--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| name | varchar(12) | NO | | NULL | |
| gender | enum('boy','girl') | YES | | boy | |
| age | int(3) | NO | | NULL | |
+--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)
2）准备测试表格
向建立的stu_info表插入几条测试记录
mysql> INSERT INTO stu_info VALUES
-> ('Jim','girl',24),
-> ('Tom','boy',21),
-> ('Lily','girl',20),
-> ('Jerry','boy',27),
-> ('Mike','boy',21)
-> ;
Query OK, 5 rows affected (0.06 sec)
Records: 5 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
确认stu_info表的所有记录内容：
mysql> SELECT * FROM stu_info;
+-------+--------+-----+
| name | gender | age |
+-------+--------+-----+
| Jim | girl | 24 |
| Tom | boy | 21 |
| Lily | girl | 20 |
| Jerry | boy | 27 |
| Mike | boy | 21 |
+-------+--------+-----+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
步骤二：练习常见SQL查询及条件设置
1）常用的表记录统计函数
查询stu_info表一共有多少条记录（本例中为5条）：
mysql> SELECT count(*) FROM stu_info;
+----------+
| count(*) |
+----------+
| 5 |
+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
计算stu_info表中各学员的平均年龄、最大年龄、最小年龄：
mysql> SELECT avg(age),max(age),min(age) FROM stu_info;
+----------+----------+----------+
| avg(age) | max(age) | min(age) |
+----------+----------+----------+
| 22.6000 | 27 | 20 |
+----------+----------+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
计算stu_info表中男学员的个数：
mysql> SELECT count(gender) FROM stu_info WHERE gender='boy';
+---------------+
| count(gender) |
+---------------+
| 3 |
+---------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
2）字段值的数值比较
列出stu_info表中年龄为21岁的学员记录：
mysql> SELECT * FROM stu_info WHERE age=21;
+------+--------+-----+
| name | gender | age |
+------+--------+-----+
| Tom | boy | 21 |
| Mike | boy | 21 |
+------+--------+-----+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
列出stu_info表中年龄超过21岁的学员记录：
mysql> SELECT * FROM stu_info WHERE age>21;
+-------+--------+-----+
| name | gender | age |
+-------+--------+-----+
| Jim | girl | 24 |
| Jerry | boy | 27 |
+-------+--------+-----+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
列出stu_info表中年龄大于或等于21岁的学员记录：
mysql> SELECT * FROM stu_info WHERE age>=21;
+-------+--------+-----+
| name | gender | age |
+-------+--------+-----+
| Jim | girl | 24 |
| Tom | boy | 21 |
| Jerry | boy | 27 |
| Mike | boy | 21 |
+-------+--------+-----+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
列出stu_info表中年龄在20岁和24岁之间的学员记录：
mysql> SELECT * FROM stu_info WHERE age BETWEEN 20 and 24;
+------+--------+-----+
| name | gender | age |
+------+--------+-----+
| Jim | girl | 24 |
| Tom | boy | 21 |
| Lily | girl | 20 |
| Mike | boy | 21 |
+------+--------+-----+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
3）多个条件的组合
列出stu_info表中年龄小于23岁的女学员记录：
mysql> SELECT * FROM stu_info WHERE age < 23 AND gender='girl';
+------+--------+-----+
| name | gender | age |
+------+--------+-----+
| Lily | girl | 20 |
+------+--------+-----+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
列出stu_info表中年龄小于23岁的学员，或者女学员的记录：
mysql> SELECT * FROM stu_info WHERE age < 23 OR gender='girl';
+------+--------+-----+
| name | gender | age |
+------+--------+-----+
| Jim | girl | 24 |
| Tom | boy | 21 |
| Lily | girl | 20 |
| Mike | boy | 21 |
+------+--------+-----+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
如果某个记录的姓名属于指定范围内的一个，则将其列出：
mysql> SELECT * FROM stu_info WHERE name IN
-> ('Jim','Tom','Mickey','Minnie');
+------+--------+-----+
| name | gender | age |
+------+--------+-----+
| Jim | girl | 24 |
| Tom | boy | 21 |
+------+--------+-----+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
4）使用SELECT做数学计算
计算1234与5678的和：
mysql> SELECT 1234+5678;
+-----------+
| 1234+5678 |
+-----------+
| 6912 |
+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
计算1234与5678的乘积：
mysql> SELECT 1234*5678;
+-----------+
| 1234*5678 |
+-----------+
| 7006652 |
+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
计算1.23456789除以3的结果：
mysql> SELECT 1.23456789/3;
+----------------+
| 1.23456789/3 |
+----------------+
| 0.411522630000 |
+----------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
输出stu_info表各学员的姓名、15年后的年龄：
mysql> SELECT name,age+15 FROM stu_info;
+-------+--------+
| name | age+15 |
+-------+--------+
| Jim | 39 |
| Tom | 36 |
| Lily | 35 |
| Jerry | 42 |
| Mike | 36 |
+-------+--------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
5）使用模糊查询，LIKE引领
以下划线 _ 匹配单个字符，% 可匹配任意多个字符。
列出stu_info表中姓名以“J”开头的学员记录：
mysql> SELECT * FROM stu_info WHERE name LIKE 'J%';
+-------+--------+-----+
| name | gender | age |
+-------+--------+-----+
| Jim | girl | 24 |
| Jerry | boy | 27 |
+-------+--------+-----+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
列出stu_info表中姓名以“J”开头且只有3个字母的学员记录：
mysql> SELECT * FROM stu_info WHERE name LIKE 'J__';
+------+--------+-----+
| name | gender | age |
+------+--------+-----+
| Jim | girl | 24 |
+------+--------+-----+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
6）使用正则表达式，REGEXP引领
列出stu_info表中姓名以“J”开头且以“y”结尾的学员记录：
mysql> SELECT * FROM stu_info WHERE name REGEXP '^J.*y$';
+-------+--------+-----+
| name | gender | age |
+-------+--------+-----+
| Jerry | boy | 27 |
+-------+--------+-----+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
效果等同于：
mysql> SELECT * FROM stu_info WHERE name Like 'J%y';
+-------+--------+-----+
| name | gender | age |
+-------+--------+-----+
| Jerry | boy | 27 |
+-------+--------+-----+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
列出stu_info表中姓名以“J”开头或者以“y”结尾的学员记录：
mysql> SELECT * FROM stu_info WHERE name REGEXP '^J|y$';
+-------+--------+-----+
| name | gender | age |
+-------+--------+-----+
| Jim | girl | 24 |
| Lily | girl | 20 |
| Jerry | boy | 27 |
+-------+--------+-----+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
效果等同于：
mysql> SELECT * FROM stu_info WHERE name Like 'J%' OR name Like '%y';
+-------+--------+-----+
| name | gender | age |
+-------+--------+-----+
| Jim | girl | 24 |
| Lily | girl | 20 |
| Jerry | boy | 27 |
+-------+--------+-----+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
7）按指定的字段排序，ORDER BY
列出stu_info表的所有记录，按年龄排序：
mysql> SELECT * FROM stu_info GROUP BY age;
+-------+--------+-----+
| name | gender | age |
+-------+--------+-----+
| Lily | girl | 20 |
| Tom | boy | 21 |
| Jim | girl | 24 |
| Jerry | boy | 27 |
+-------+--------+-----+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
因默认为升序（Ascend）排列，所以上述操作等效于：
mysql> SELECT * FROM stu_info GROUP BY age ASC;
+-------+--------+-----+
| name | gender | age |
+-------+--------+-----+
| Lily | girl | 20 |
| Tom | boy | 21 |
| Jim | girl | 24 |
| Jerry | boy | 27 |
+-------+--------+-----+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
若要按降序（Descend）排列，则将ASC改为DESC即可：
mysql> SELECT * FROM stu_info GROUP BY age DESC;
+-------+--------+-----+
| name | gender | age |
+-------+--------+-----+
| Jerry | boy | 27 |
| Jim | girl | 24 |
| Tom | boy | 21 |
| Lily | girl | 20 |
+-------+--------+-----+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
8）限制查询结果的输出条数，LIMIT
查询stu_info表的所有记录，只列出前3条：
mysql> SELECT * FROM stu_info LIMIT 3;
+------+--------+-----+
| name | gender | age |
+------+--------+-----+
| Jim | girl | 24 |
| Tom | boy | 21 |
| Lily | girl | 20 |
+------+--------+-----+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
列出stu_info表中年龄最大的3条学员记录：
mysql> SELECT * FROM stu_info GROUP BY age DESC LIMIT 3;
+-------+--------+-----+
| name | gender | age |
+-------+--------+-----+
| Jerry | boy | 27 |
| Jim | girl | 24 |
| Tom | boy | 21 |
+-------+--------+-----+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
9）分组查询结果，GROUP BY
针对stu_info表，按性别分组，分别统计出男、女学员的人数：
mysql> SELECT gender,count(gender) FROM stu_info GROUP BY gender;
+--------+---------------+
| gender | count(gender) |
+--------+---------------+
| boy | 3 |
| girl | 2 |
+--------+---------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
列出查询字段时，可以通过AS关键字来指定显示别名，比如上述操作可改为：
mysql> SELECT gender AS '性别',count(gender) AS '人数'
-> FROM stu_info GROUP BY gender;
+--------+--------+
| 性别 | 人数 |
+--------+--------+
| boy | 3 |
| girl | 2 |
+--------+--------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
附加：
一、嵌套查询：
where嵌套：把内层查询结果作为外查询的查询条件
select 字段名列表 from 库.表 where 条件 (select 字段名列表 from 库.表 where 条件)；
二、复制表：
作用：1、快速创建新表 2、备份表
格式： create table 库.表 sql查询
create table 库.表 select * from 库.表； //创建的新表没有源表的key值，需要手动添加
create table 库.表 select * from 库.表 order by 字段名 (asc|desc) limit 数字1,数字2； //数字1是起始行(从0开始数)，数字2是起始行开始计算几行
create table 库.表 select * from 库.表 where 约束条件；
三、多表查询：
SQL命令格式(一)： select 字段名列表 from 表a，表b；
SQL命令格式(二)： select 字段名列表 from 表a，表b where 条件；
//以上格式查询的结果叫做笛卡尔集 显示查询结果的总条目数是(表a记录*表b记录)
内连接查询：
基本用法(只显示与查询条件匹配的记录)
select 字段名列表 from 表a，表b；
外连接查询：
左连接查询(以左表记录为主)：select 表字段名列表 from 表a left join 表b on 条件表达式；
右连接查询(以右表记录为主)：select 表字段名列表 from 表a right join 表b on 条件表达式；
四、查询方式总结：
| 查询方式 | 关键字 |
| 查询条件 | where |
| 分组/排序/限制条目数/查询结果过滤 | order by / group by / limit / having |
| 单表查询 | select...from...where... |
| 嵌套查询 | select...from...where...(select...) |
| 多表查询 | select...from 表1，表n where... |
| 左连接查询 | left...join...on... |
| 右连接查询 | right...join...on... |
五、待定：
1> 待定
