day 23 反射，内置函数，内置方法

补充两个内置函数

isinstance(a,B)  判断一个对象和一个类有没有血缘关系，能够检测到继承关系 

type(a) is A  type只是单纯判断对象和类，不能检测到继承

issubclass(子类名，父类名）如果返回True，说明有继承关系

class B:pass
class A(B):pass
a = A()
print(isinstance(a,A))
print(isinstance(a,B))  # 能够检测到继承关系
print(type(a) is A)
print(type(a) is B)     # type只单纯的判断类


class B:pass
class C(B):pass
class D(C):pass
print(issubclass(C,D))
print(issubclass(D,C))
print(issubclass(B,C))
print(issubclass(C,B))
print(issubclass(D,B))

反射

1、什么是反射

反射的概念是由Smith在1982年首次提出的，主要是指程序可以访问、检测和修改它本身状态或行为的一种能力（自省）。这一概念的提出很快引发了计算机科学领域关于应用反射性的研究。它首先被程序语言的设计领域所采用,并在Lisp和面向对象方面取得了成绩。

2、python面向对象中的反射：通过字符串的形式操作对象相关的属性。python中的一切事物都是对象（都可以使用反射）

四个可以实现自省的函数

下列方法适用于类和对象（一切皆对象，类本身也是一个对象）

def hasattr(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
    """
    Return whether the object has an attribute with the given name.
    
    This is done by calling getattr(obj, name) and catching AttributeError.
    """
    pass

def getattr(object, name, default=None): # known special case of getattr
    """
    getattr(object, name[, default]) -> value
    
    Get a named attribute from an object; getattr(x, 'y') is equivalent to x.y.
    When a default argument is given, it is returned when the attribute doesn't
    exist; without it, an exception is raised in that case.
    """
    pass

def setattr(x, y, v): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
    """
    Sets the named attribute on the given object to the specified value.
    
    setattr(x, 'y', v) is equivalent to ``x.y = v''
    """
    pass

def delattr(x, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
    """
    Deletes the named attribute from the given object.
    
    delattr(x, 'y') is equivalent to ``del x.y''
    """
    pass

class Foo:
    f = '类的静态变量'
    def __init__(self,name,age):
        self.name=name
        self.age=age

    def say_hi(self):
        print('hi,%s'%self.name)

obj=Foo('egon',73)

#检测是否含有某属性
print(hasattr(obj,'name'))
print(hasattr(obj,'say_hi'))

#获取属性
n=getattr(obj,'name')
print(n)
func=getattr(obj,'say_hi')
func()

print(getattr(obj,'aaaaaaaa','不存在啊')) #报错

#设置属性
setattr(obj,'sb',True)
setattr(obj,'show_name',lambda self:self.name+'sb')
print(obj.__dict__)
print(obj.show_name(obj))

#删除属性
delattr(obj,'age')
delattr(obj,'show_name')
delattr(obj,'show_name111')#不存在,则报错

print(obj.__dict__)

class Foo(object):
 
    staticField = "old boy"
 
    def __init__(self):
        self.name = 'wupeiqi'
 
    def func(self):
        return 'func'
 
    @staticmethod
    def bar():
        return 'bar'
 
print getattr(Foo, 'staticField')
print getattr(Foo, 'func')
print getattr(Foo, 'bar')

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

import sys


def s1():
    print 's1'


def s2():
    print 's2'


this_module = sys.modules[__name__]

hasattr(this_module, 's1')
getattr(this_module, 's2')

导入其他模块，利用反射查找该模块是否存在某个方法

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

def test():
    print('from the test')

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
 
"""
程序目录：
    module_test.py
    index.py
 
当前文件：
    index.py
"""

import module_test as obj

#obj.test()

print(hasattr(obj,'test'))

getattr(obj,'test')()

__len__

class A:
    def __init__(self):
        self.a = 1
        self.b = 2

    def __len__(self):
        return len(self.__dict__)
a = A()
print(len(a))

__hash__

class A:
    def __init__(self):
        self.a = 1
        self.b = 2

    def __hash__(self):
        return hash(str(self.a)+str(self.b))
a = A()
print(hash(a))