基于mykernel 2.0编写一个操作系统内核
1.实验环境配置
实验机器采用的是ubuntu16.04.
在桌面上创建mykernel 2.0文件夹,并打开终端,执行以下命令。
wget https://raw.github.com/mengning/mykernel/master/mykernel-2.0_for_linux-5.4.34.patch sudo apt install axel axel -n 20 https://mirrors.edge.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v5.x/linux-5.4.34.tar.xz xz -d linux-5.4.34.tar.xz tar -xvf linux-5.4.34.tar cd linux-5.4.34 patch -p1 < ../mykernel-2.0_for_linux-5.4.34.patch sudo apt install build-essential libncurses-dev bison flex libssl-dev libelf-dev make defconfig make -j sudo apt install qemu-system-x86_64 qemu-system-x86_64 -kernel arch/x86/boot/bzImage
上述的操作流程为:
将Linux的内核文件进行打包,同时安装相关的库并编译,启动内核程序。结果如下:

通过上面的图片可以看到:cpu在不断分运行,同时my_timer_handler时钟中断处理程序周期性执行。
可以看到qemu窗口输出的内容在代码mymain.c和myinterrupt.c中。进入mykernel文件夹下,使用cat命令将两个文件打开。
// myinterrupt.c void my_timer_handler(void) { pr_notice("\n>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>my_timer_handler here<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<\n\n"); }
// mymain.c void __init my_start_kernel(void) { int i = 0; while(1) { i++; if(i%100000 == 0) pr_notice("my_start_kernel here %d \n",i); } }
2.编写内核
1. 为了完成内核上的进程切换,首先要明确进程控制信息。进入mykernel目录后,创建mypcb.h头文件,该头文件用于定义进程控制块,描述进程所需要用到的的资源和控制信息,主要有进程id、进程状态、栈和进程入口以及Thread结构等。
// mypcb.h #define MAX_TASK_NUM 4 #define KERNEL_STACK_SIZE 1024*2 /* CPU-specific state of this task */ struct Thread { unsigned long ip; unsigned long sp; }; typedef struct PCB{ int pid; volatile long state; /* -1 unrunnable, 0 runnable, >0 stopped */ unsigned long stack[KERNEL_STACK_SIZE]; /* CPU-specific state of this task */ struct Thread thread; unsigned long task_entry; struct PCB *next; }tPCB; void my_schedule(void);
2.mymain.c是mykernel代码的入口,负责初始化内核的各个组成部分。
将其中的my_start_kernel(void)方法进行重写。
#include <linux/types.h> #include <linux/string.h> #include <linux/ctype.h> #include <linux/tty.h> #include <linux/vmalloc.h> #include "mypcb.h" tPCB task[MAX_TASK_NUM]; tPCB * my_current_task = NULL; volatile int my_need_sched = 0; void my_process(void); void __init my_start_kernel(void) { int pid = 0; int i; /* Initialize process 0*/ task[pid].pid = pid; task[pid].state = 0;/* -1 unrunnable, 0 runnable, >0 stopped */ task[pid].task_entry = task[pid].thread.ip = (unsigned long)my_process; task[pid].thread.sp = (unsigned long)&task[pid].stack[KERNEL_STACK_SIZE-1]; task[pid].next = &task[pid]; /*fork more process */ for(i=1;i<MAX_TASK_NUM;i++) { memcpy(&task[i],&task[0],sizeof(tPCB)); task[i].pid = i; task[i].thread.sp = (unsigned long)(&task[i].stack[KERNEL_STACK_SIZE-1]); task[i].next = task[i-1].next; task[i-1].next = &task[i]; } /* start process 0 by task[0] */ pid = 0; my_current_task = &task[pid]; asm volatile( "movq %1,%%rsp\n\t" /* set task[pid].thread.sp to rsp */ "pushq %1\n\t" /* push rbp */ "pushq %0\n\t" /* push task[pid].thread.ip */ "ret\n\t" /* pop task[pid].thread.ip to rip */ : : "c" (task[pid].thread.ip),"d" (task[pid].thread.sp) /* input c or d mean %ecx/%edx*/ ); } int i = 0; void my_process(void) { while(1) { i++; if(i%10000000 == 0) { printk(KERN_NOTICE "this is process %d -\n",my_current_task->pid); if(my_need_sched == 1) { my_need_sched = 0; my_schedule(); } printk(KERN_NOTICE "this is process %d +\n",my_current_task->pid); } } }
针对上述代码进行分析:
首先在void __init my_start_kernel(void)函数中将0号进程进行初始化,并为其设置序号,同时将进程的状态设置为可运行态,并将函数void my_process(void)设置为进程的入口地址,将其堆栈指针指向栈底,同时指向下一个进程的指针设置为指向自己。进入循环后,继续创建初始化其他进程并通过链表连接起来。当循环结束,所有进程都初始化完成后,通过汇编代码启动0号进程,将指令指针ip压入ecx寄存器,将栈顶指针sp压入edx寄存器,将栈顶指针的值放入esp寄存器,将栈顶地址sp与指令指针ip压入栈中,指令指针ip出栈保存至esp寄存器,跳转至进程入口函数开始运行0号进程。然后执行void my_process(void)函数,在该函数中,进程在运行完一个时间片后让出CPU,然后通过判断 my_need_sched是否为1,决定是否切换进程。
3.针对进程的切换,改写myinterupt.c。
// myinterrupt.c #include <linux/types.h> #include <linux/string.h> #include <linux/ctype.h> #include <linux/tty.h> #include <linux/vmalloc.h> #include "mypcb.h" extern tPCB task[MAX_TASK_NUM]; extern tPCB * my_current_task; extern volatile int my_need_sched; volatile int time_count = 0; /* * Called by timer interrupt. * it runs in the name of current running process, * so it use kernel stack of current running process */ void my_timer_handler(void) { if(time_count%1000 == 0 && my_need_sched != 1) { printk(KERN_NOTICE ">>>my_timer_handler here<<<\n"); my_need_sched = 1; } time_count ++ ; return; } void my_schedule(void) { tPCB * next; tPCB * prev; if(my_current_task == NULL || my_current_task->next == NULL) { return; } printk(KERN_NOTICE ">>>my_schedule<<<\n"); /* schedule */ next = my_current_task->next; prev = my_current_task; if(next->state == 0)/* -1 unrunnable, 0 runnable, >0 stopped */ { my_current_task = next; printk(KERN_NOTICE ">>>switch %d to %d<<<\n",prev->pid,next->pid); /* switch to next process */ asm volatile( "pushq %%rbp\n\t" /* save rbp of prev */ "movq %%rsp,%0\n\t" /* save rsp of prev */ "movq %2,%%rsp\n\t" /* restore rsp of next */ "movq $1f,%1\n\t" /* save rip of prev */ "pushq %3\n\t" "ret\n\t" /* restore rip of next */ "1:\t" /* next process start here */ "popq %%rbp\n\t" : "=m" (prev->thread.sp),"=m" (prev->thread.ip) : "m" (next->thread.sp),"m" (next->thread.ip) ); } return; }
my_schedule函数是实现进程调度及上下文切换。具体功能为:
(1)保存正在运行的进程的bp指针。
(2)保存正在运行的进程的sp指针。
(3)将寄存器中的sp修改为目的切换进程的sp指针。
(4)保存正在运行的进程的ip指针。
(5)将寄存器中的ip修改为目的切换进程的ip指针。
3.运行测试
重新编译后,运行程序,结果如下。
.总结
通过本次实验,再结合书本知识,对Linux内核的进程调度以及进程切换的相关知识有了更深入的了解,对内核中的基础知识以及其代码逻辑实现有了初步的感受和联系,受益很多。

.总结
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