The ACM Computing Classification System (1998)

http://www.acm.org/about/class/ccs98-html

The ACM Computing Classification System (1998)

• A. General Literature

  • A.0 GENERAL
    • Biographies/autobiographies
    • Conference proceedings
    • General literary works (e.g., fiction, plays)
  • A.1 INTRODUCTORY AND SURVEY
  • A.2 REFERENCE (e.g., dictionaries, encyclopedias, glossaries)
  • A.m MISCELLANEOUS

• B. Hardware

  • B.0 GENERAL

  • B.1 CONTROL STRUCTURES AND MICROPROGRAMMING (D.3.2)

    • B.1.0 General
    • B.1.1 Control Design Styles
      • Hardwired control [**]
      • Microprogrammed logic arrays [**]
      • Writable control store [**]
    • B.1.2 Control Structure Performance Analysis and Design Aids
      • Automatic synthesis [**]
      • Formal models [**]
      • Simulation [**]
    • B.1.3 Control Structure Reliability, Testing, and Fault-Tolerance [**] (B.8)
      • Diagnostics [**]
      • Error-checking [**]
      • Redundant design [**]
      • Test generation [**]
    • B.1.4 Microprogram Design Aids (D.2.2,D.2.4,D.3.2, D.3.4)
      • Firmware engineering [**]
      • Languages and compilers
      • Machine-independent microcode generation [**]
      • Optimization
      • Verification [**]
    • B.1.5 Microcode Applications
      • Direct data manipulation [**]
      • Firmware support of operating systems/instruction sets [**]
      • Instruction set interpretation
      • Peripheral control [**]
      • Special-purpose [**]
    • B.1.m Miscellaneous

  • B.2 ARITHMETIC AND LOGIC STRUCTURES

    • B.2.0 General
    • B.2.1 Design Styles (C.1.1,C.1.2)
      • Calculator [**]
      • Parallel
      • Pipeline
    • B.2.2 Performance Analysis and Design Aids [**] (B.8)
      • Simulation [**]
      • Verification [**]
      • Worst-case analysis [**]
    • B.2.3 Reliability, Testing, and Fault-Tolerance [**] (B.8)
      • Diagnostics [**]
      • Error-checking [**]
      • Redundant design [**]
      • Test generation [**]
    • B.2.4 High-Speed Arithmetic
      • Algorithms
      • Cost/performance
    • B.2.m Miscellaneous

  • B.3 MEMORY STRUCTURES

    • B.3.0 General
    • B.3.1 Semiconductor Memories (B.7.1)
      • Dynamic memory (DRAM)
      • Read-only memory (ROM)
      • Static memory (SRAM)
    • B.3.2 Design Styles (D.4.2)
      • Associative memories
      • Cache memories
      • Interleaved memories [**]
      • Mass storage (e.g., magnetic, optical, RAID)
      • Primary memory
      • Sequential-access memory [**]
      • Shared memory
      • Virtual memory
    • B.3.3 Performance Analysis and Design Aids [**] (B.8,C.4)
      • Formal models [**]
      • Simulation [**]
      • Worst-case analysis [**]
    • B.3.4 Reliability, Testing, and Fault-Tolerance [**] (B.8)
      • Diagnostics [**]
      • Error-checking [**]
      • Redundant design [**]
      • Test generation [**]
    • B.3.m Miscellaneous

  • B.4 INPUT/OUTPUT AND DATA COMMUNICATIONS

    • B.4.0 General
    • B.4.1 Data Communications Devices
      • Processors [**]
      • Receivers (e.g., voice, data, image) [**]
      • Transmitters [**]
    • B.4.2 Input/Output Devices
      • Channels and controllers
      • Data terminals and printers
      • Image display
      • Voice
    • B.4.3 Interconnections (Subsystems)
      • Asynchronous/synchronous operation
      • Fiber optics
      • Interfaces
      • Parallel I/O
      • Physical structures (e.g., backplanes, cables, chip carriers) [**]
      • Topology (e.g., bus, point-to-point)
    • B.4.4 Performance Analysis and Design Aids [**] (B.8)
      • Formal models [**]
      • Simulation [**]
      • Verification [**]
      • Worst-case analysis [**]
    • B.4.5 Reliability, Testing, and Fault-Tolerance [**] (B.8)
      • Built-in tests [**]
      • Diagnostics [**]
      • Error-checking [**]
      • Hardware reliability [**]
      • Redundant design [**]
      • Test generation [**]
    • B.4.m Miscellaneous

  • B.5 REGISTER-TRANSFER-LEVEL IMPLEMENTATION

    • B.5.0 General
    • B.5.1 Design
      • Arithmetic and logic units
      • Control design
      • Data-path design
      • Memory design
      • Styles (e.g., parallel, pipeline, special-purpose)
    • B.5.2 Design Aids
      • Automatic synthesis
      • Hardware description languages
      • Optimization
      • Simulation
      • Verification
    • B.5.3 Reliability and Testing [**] (B.8)
      • Built-in tests [**]
      • Error-checking [**]
      • Redundant design [**]
      • Test generation [**]
      • Testability [**]
    • B.5.m Miscellaneous

  • B.6 LOGIC DESIGN

    • B.6.0 General
    • B.6.1 Design Styles
      • Cellular arrays and automata
      • Combinational logic
      • Logic arrays
      • Memory control and access [**]
      • Memory used as logic [**]
      • Parallel circuits
      • Sequential circuits
    • B.6.2 Reliability and Testing [**] (B.8)
      • Built-in tests [**]
      • Error-checking [**]
      • Redundant design [**]
      • Test generation [**]
      • Testability [**]
    • B.6.3 Design Aids
      • Automatic synthesis
      • Hardware description languages
      • Optimization
      • Simulation
      • Switching theory
      • Verification
    • B.6.m Miscellaneous

  • B.7 INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

    • B.7.0 General
    • B.7.1 Types and Design Styles
      • Advanced technologies
      • Algorithms implemented in hardware
      • Gate arrays
      • Input/output circuits
      • Memory technologies
      • Microprocessors and microcomputers
      • Standard cells [**]
      • VLSI (very large scale integration)
    • B.7.2 Design Aids
      • Graphics
      • Layout
      • Placement and routing
      • Simulation
      • Verification
    • B.7.3 Reliability and Testing [**] (B.8)
      • Built-in tests [**]
      • Error-checking [**]
      • Redundant design [**]
      • Test generation [**]
      • Testability [**]
    • B.7.m Miscellaneous

  • B.8 PERFORMANCE AND RELIABILITY (C.4)

    • B.8.0 General
    • B.8.1 Reliability, Testing, and Fault-Tolerance
    • B.8.2 Performance Analysis and Design Aids
    • B.8.m Miscellaneous

  • B.m MISCELLANEOUS

    • Design management

• C. Computer Systems Organization

  • C.0 GENERAL

    • Hardware/software interfaces
    • Instruction set design (e.g., RISC, CISC, VLIW)
    • Modeling of computer architecture
    • System architectures
    • Systems specification methodology

  • C.1 PROCESSOR ARCHITECTURES

    • C.1.0 General
    • C.1.1 Single Data Stream Architectures
      • Multiple-instruction-stream, single-data-stream processors (MISD) [**]
      • Pipeline processors [**]
      • RISC/CISC, VLIW architectures
      • Single-instruction-stream, single-data-stream processors (SISD) [**]
      • Von Neumann architectures [**]
    • C.1.2 Multiple Data Stream Architectures (Multiprocessors)
      • Array and vector processors
      • Associative processors
      • Connection machines
      • Interconnection architectures (e.g., common bus, multiport memory, crossbar switch)
      • Multiple-instruction-stream, multiple-data-stream processors (MIMD)
      • Parallel processors [**]
      • Pipeline processors [**]
      • Single-instruction-stream, multiple-data-stream processors (SIMD)
    • C.1.3 Other Architecture Styles
      • Adaptable architectures
      • Analog computers
      • Capability architectures [**]
      • Cellular architecture (e.g., mobile)
      • Data-flow architectures
      • Heterogeneous (hybrid) systems
      • High-level language architectures [**]
      • Neural nets
      • Pipeline processors
      • Stack-oriented processors [**]
    • C.1.4 Parallel Architectures
      • Distributed architectures
      • Mobile processors
    • C.1.m Miscellaneous
      • Analog computers [**]
      • Hybrid systems [**]

  • C.2 COMPUTER-COMMUNICATION NETWORKS

    • C.2.0 General
      • Data communications
      • Open Systems Interconnection reference model (OSI)
      • Security and protection (e.g., firewalls)
    • C.2.1 Network Architecture and Design
      • Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
      • Centralized networks [**]
      • Circuit-switching networks
      • Distributed networks
      • Frame relay networks
      • ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)
      • Network communications
      • Network topology
      • Packet-switching networks
      • Store and forward networks
      • Wireless communication
    • C.2.2 Network Protocols
      • Applications (SMTP, FTP, etc.)
      • Protocol architecture (OSI model)
      • Protocol verification
      • Routing protocols
    • C.2.3 Network Operations
      • Network management
      • Network monitoring
      • Public networks
    • C.2.4 Distributed Systems
      • Client/server
      • Distributed applications
      • Distributed databases
      • Network operating systems
    • C.2.5 Local and Wide-Area Networks
      • Access schemes
      • Buses
      • Ethernet (e.g., CSMA/CD)
      • High-speed (e.g., FDDI, fiber channel, ATM)
      • Internet (e.g., TCP/IP)
      • Token rings
    • C.2.6 Internetworking (C.2.2)
      • Routers
      • Standards (e.g., TCP/IP)
    • C.2.m Miscellaneous

  • C.3 SPECIAL-PURPOSE AND APPLICATION-BASED SYSTEMS (J.7)

    • Microprocessor/microcomputer applications
    • Process control systems
    • Real-time and embedded systems
    • Signal processing systems
    • Smartcards

  • C.4 PERFORMANCE OF SYSTEMS

    • Design studies
    • Fault tolerance
    • Measurement techniques
    • Modeling techniques
    • Performance attributes
    • Reliability, availability, and serviceability

  • C.5 COMPUTER SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION

    • C.5.0 General
    • C.5.1 Large and Medium ("Mainframe") Computers
      • Super (very large) computers
    • C.5.2 Minicomputers [**]
    • C.5.3 Microcomputers
      • Microprocessors
      • Personal computers
      • Portable devices (e.g., laptops, personal digital assistants)
      • Workstations
    • C.5.4 VLSI Systems
    • C.5.5 Servers
    • C.5.m Miscellaneous

  • C.m MISCELLANEOUS

• D. Software

  • D.0 GENERAL

  • D.1 PROGRAMMING TECHNIQUES (E)

    • D.1.0 General
    • D.1.1 Applicative (Functional) Programming
    • D.1.2 Automatic Programming (I.2.2)
    • D.1.3 Concurrent Programming
      • Distributed programming
      • Parallel programming
    • D.1.4 Sequential Programming
    • D.1.5 Object-oriented Programming
    • D.1.6 Logic Programming
    • D.1.7 Visual Programming
    • D.1.m Miscellaneous

  • D.2 SOFTWARE ENGINEERING (K.6.3)

    • D.2.0 General (K.5.1)
      • Protection mechanisms
      • Standards
    • D.2.1 Requirements/Specifications (D.3.1)
      • Elicitation methods (e.g., rapid prototyping, interviews, JAD)
      • Languages
      • Methodologies (e.g., object-oriented, structured)
      • Tools
    • D.2.2 Design Tools and Techniques
      • Computer-aided software engineering (CASE)
      • Decision tables
      • Evolutionary prototyping
      • Flow charts
      • Modules and interfaces
      • Object-oriented design methods
      • Petri nets
      • Programmer workbench [**]
      • Software libraries
      • State diagrams
      • Structured programming [**]
      • Top-down programming [**]
      • User interfaces
    • D.2.3 Coding Tools and Techniques
      • Object-oriented programming
      • Pretty printers
      • Program editors
      • Reentrant code [**]
      • Standards
      • Structured programming
      • Top-down programming
    • D.2.4 Software/Program Verification (F.3.1)
      • Assertion checkers
      • Class invariants
      • Correctness proofs
      • Formal methods
      • Model checking
      • Programming by contract
      • Reliability
      • Statistical methods
      • Validation
    • D.2.5 Testing and Debugging
      • Code inspections and walk-throughs
      • Debugging aids
      • Diagnostics
      • Distributed debugging
      • Dumps [**]
      • Error handling and recovery
      • Monitors
      • Symbolic execution
      • Testing tools (e.g., data generators, coverage testing)
      • Tracing
    • D.2.6 Programming Environments
      • Graphical environments
      • Integrated environments
      • Interactive environments
      • Programmer workbench
    • D.2.7 Distribution, Maintenance, and Enhancement
      • Corrections [**]
      • Documentation
      • Enhancement [**]
      • Extensibility [**]
      • Portability
      • Restructuring, reverse engineering, and reengineering
      • Version control
    • D.2.8 Metrics (D.4.8)
      • Complexity measures
      • Performance measures
      • Process metrics
      • Product metrics
      • Software science [**]
    • D.2.9 Management (K.6.3,K.6.4)
      • Copyrights [**]
      • Cost estimation
      • Life cycle
      • Productivity
      • Programming teams
      • Software configuration management
      • Software process models (e.g., CMM, ISO, PSP)
      • Software quality assurance (SQA)
      • Time estimation
    • D.2.10 Design [**] (D.2.2)
      • Methodologies [**]
      • Representation [**]
    • D.2.11 Software Architectures
      • Data abstraction
      • Domain-specific architectures
      • Information hiding
      • Languages (e.g., description, interconnection, definition)
      • Patterns (e.g., client/server, pipeline, blackboard)
    • D.2.12 Interoperability
      • Data mapping
      • Distributed objects
      • Interface definition languages
    • D.2.13 Reusable Software
      • Domain engineering
      • Reusable libraries
      • Reuse models
    • D.2.m Miscellaneous
      • Rapid prototyping [**]
      • Reusable software [**]

  • D.3 PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

    • D.3.0 General
      • Standards
    • D.3.1 Formal Definitions and Theory (D.2.1,F.3.1,F.3.2, F.4.2, F.4.3)
      • Semantics
      • Syntax
    • D.3.2 Language Classifications
      • Applicative (functional) languages
      • Concurrent, distributed, and parallel languages
      • Constraint and logic languages
      • Data-flow languages
      • Design languages
      • Extensible languages
      • Macro and assembly languages
      • Microprogramming languages [**]
      • Multiparadigm languages
      • Nondeterministic languages [**]
      • Nonprocedural languages [**]
      • Object-oriented languages
      • Specialized application languages
      • Very high-level languages
    • D.3.3 Language Constructs and Features (E.2)
      • Abstract data types
      • Classes and objects
      • Concurrent programming structures
      • Constraints
      • Control structures
      • Coroutines
      • Data types and structures
      • Dynamic storage management
      • Frameworks
      • Inheritance
      • Input/output
      • Modules, packages
      • Patterns
      • Polymorphism
      • Procedures, functions, and subroutines
      • Recursion
    • D.3.4 Processors
      • Code generation
      • Compilers
      • Debuggers
      • Incremental compilers
      • Interpreters
      • Memory management (garbage collection)
      • Optimization
      • Parsing
      • Preprocessors
      • Retargetable compilers
      • Run-time environments
      • Translator writing systems and compiler generators
    • D.3.m Miscellaneous

  • D.4 OPERATING SYSTEMS (C)

    • D.4.0 General
    • D.4.1 Process Management
      • Concurrency
      • Deadlocks
      • Multiprocessing/multiprogramming/multitasking
      • Mutual exclusion
      • Scheduling
      • Synchronization
      • Threads
    • D.4.2 Storage Management
      • Allocation/deallocation strategies
      • Distributed memories
      • Garbage collection
      • Main memory
      • Secondary storage
      • Segmentation [**]
      • Storage hierarchies
      • Swapping [**]
      • Virtual memory
    • D.4.3 File Systems Management (E.5)
      • Access methods
      • Directory structures
      • Distributed file systems
      • File organization
      • Maintenance [**]
    • D.4.4 Communications Management (C.2)
      • Buffering
      • Input/output
      • Message sending
      • Network communication
      • Terminal management [**]
    • D.4.5 Reliability
      • Backup procedures
      • Checkpoint/restart
      • Fault-tolerance
      • Verification
    • D.4.6 Security and Protection (K.6.5)
      • Access controls
      • Authentication
      • Cryptographic controls
      • Information flow controls
      • Invasive software (e.g., viruses, worms, Trojan horses)
      • Security kernels [**]
      • Verification [**]
    • D.4.7 Organization and Design
      • Batch processing systems [**]
      • Distributed systems
      • Hierarchical design [**]
      • Interactive systems
      • Real-time systems and embedded systems
    • D.4.8 Performance (C.4,D.2.8,I.6)
      • Measurements
      • Modeling and prediction
      • Monitors
      • Operational analysis
      • Queueing theory
      • Simulation
      • Stochastic analysis
    • D.4.9 Systems Programs and Utilities
      • Command and control languages
      • Linkers [**]
      • Loaders [**]
      • Window managers
    • D.4.m Miscellaneous

  • D.m MISCELLANEOUS

    • Software psychology [**]

• E. Data

  • E.0 GENERAL

  • E.1 DATA STRUCTURES

    • Arrays
    • Distributed data structures
    • Graphs and networks
    • Lists, stacks, and queues
    • Records
    • Tables [**]
    • Trees

  • E.2 DATA STORAGE REPRESENTATIONS

    • Composite structures [**]
    • Contiguous representations [**]
    • Hash-table representations
    • Linked representations
    • Object representation
    • Primitive data items [**]

  • E.3 DATA ENCRYPTION

    • Code breaking
    • Data encryption standard (DES) [**]
    • Public key cryptosystems
    • Standards (e.g., DES, PGP, RSA)

  • E.4 CODING AND INFORMATION THEORY (H.1.1)

    • Data compaction and compression
    • Error control codes
    • Formal models of communication
    • Nonsecret encoding schemes [**]

  • E.5 FILES (D.4.3,F.2.2,H.2)

    • Backup/recovery
    • Optimization [**]
    • Organization/structure
    • Sorting/searching

  • E.m MISCELLANEOUS

• F. Theory of Computation

  • F.0 GENERAL

  • F.1 COMPUTATION BY ABSTRACT DEVICES

    • F.1.0 General
    • F.1.1 Models of Computation (F.4.1)
      • Automata (e.g., finite, push-down, resource-bounded)
      • Bounded-action devices (e.g., Turing machines, random access machines)
      • Computability theory
      • Relations between models
      • Self-modifying machines (e.g., neural networks)
      • Unbounded-action devices (e.g., cellular automata, circuits, networks of machines)
    • F.1.2 Modes of Computation
      • Alternation and nondeterminism
      • Interactive and reactive computation
      • Online computation
      • Parallelism and concurrency
      • Probabilistic computation
      • Relations among modes [**]
      • Relativized computation
    • F.1.3 Complexity Measures and Classes (F.2)
      • Complexity hierarchies
      • Machine-independent complexity [**]
      • Reducibility and completeness
      • Relations among complexity classes
      • Relations among complexity measures
    • F.1.m Miscellaneous

  • F.2 ANALYSIS OF ALGORITHMS AND PROBLEM COMPLEXITY (B.6,B.7,F.1.3)

    • F.2.0 General
    • F.2.1 Numerical Algorithms and Problems (G.1,G.4,I.1)
      • Computation of transforms (e.g., fast Fourier transform)
      • Computations in finite fields
      • Computations on matrices
      • Computations on polynomials
      • Number-theoretic computations (e.g., factoring, primality testing)
    • F.2.2 Nonnumerical Algorithms and Problems (E.2,E.3,E.4, E.5, G.2, H.2, H.3)
      • Complexity of proof procedures
      • Computations on discrete structures
      • Geometrical problems and computations
      • Pattern matching
      • Routing and layout
      • Sequencing and scheduling
      • Sorting and searching
    • F.2.3 Tradeoffs between Complexity Measures (F.1.3)
    • F.2.m Miscellaneous

  • F.3 LOGICS AND MEANINGS OF PROGRAMS

    • F.3.0 General
    • F.3.1 Specifying and Verifying and Reasoning about Programs (D.2.1,D.2.4,D.3.1, E.1)
      • Assertions
      • Invariants
      • Logics of programs
      • Mechanical verification
      • Pre- and post-conditions
      • Specification techniques
    • F.3.2 Semantics of Programming Languages (D.3.1)
      • Algebraic approaches to semantics
      • Denotational semantics
      • Operational semantics
      • Partial evaluation
      • Process models
      • Program analysis
    • F.3.3 Studies of Program Constructs (D.3.2,D.3.3)
      • Control primitives
      • Functional constructs
      • Object-oriented constructs
      • Program and recursion schemes
      • Type structure
    • F.3.m Miscellaneous

  • F.4 MATHEMATICAL LOGIC AND FORMAL LANGUAGES

    • F.4.0 General
    • F.4.1 Mathematical Logic (F.1.1,I.2.2,I.2.3, I.2.4)
      • Computability theory
      • Computational logic
      • Lambda calculus and related systems
      • Logic and constraint programming
      • Mechanical theorem proving
      • Modal logic
      • Model theory
      • Proof theory
      • Recursive function theory
      • Set theory
      • Temporal logic
    • F.4.2 Grammars and Other Rewriting Systems (D.3.1)
      • Decision problems
      • Grammar types (e.g., context-free, context-sensitive)
      • Parallel rewriting systems (e.g., developmental systems, L-systems)
      • Parsing
      • Thue systems
    • F.4.3 Formal Languages (D.3.1)
      • Algebraic language theory
      • Classes defined by grammars or automata (e.g., context-free languages, regular sets, recursive sets)
      • Classes defined by resource-bounded automata [**]
      • Decision problems
      • Operations on languages
    • F.4.m Miscellaneous

  • F.m MISCELLANEOUS

• G. Mathematics of Computing

  • G.0 GENERAL

  • G.1 NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

    • G.1.0 General
      • Computer arithmetic
      • Conditioning (and ill-conditioning)
      • Error analysis
      • Interval arithmetic
      • Multiple precision arithmetic
      • Numerical algorithms
      • Parallel algorithms
      • Stability (and instability)
    • G.1.1 Interpolation (I.3.5,I.3.7)
      • Difference formulas [**]
      • Extrapolation
      • Interpolation formulas
      • Smoothing
      • Spline and piecewise polynomial interpolation
    • G.1.2 Approximation
      • Approximation of surfaces and contours
      • Chebyshev approximation and theory
      • Elementary function approximation
      • Fast Fourier transforms (FFT)
      • Least squares approximation
      • Linear approximation
      • Minimax approximation and algorithms
      • Nonlinear approximation
      • Rational approximation
      • Special function approximations
      • Spline and piecewise polynomial approximation
      • Wavelets and fractals
    • G.1.3 Numerical Linear Algebra
      • Conditioning
      • Determinants [**]
      • Eigenvalues and eigenvectors (direct and iterative methods)
      • Error analysis
      • Linear systems (direct and iterative methods)
      • Matrix inversion
      • Pseudoinverses [**]
      • Singular value decomposition
      • Sparse, structured, and very large systems (direct and iterative methods)
    • G.1.4 Quadrature and Numerical Differentiation (F.2.1)
      • Adaptive and iterative quadrature
      • Automatic differentiation
      • Equal interval integration [**]
      • Error analysis
      • Finite difference methods
      • Gaussian quadrature
      • Iterative methods
      • Multidimensional (multiple) quadrature
    • G.1.5 Roots of Nonlinear Equations
      • Continuation (homotopy) methods
      • Convergence
      • Error analysis
      • Iterative methods
      • Polynomials, methods for
      • Systems of equations
    • G.1.6 Optimization
      • Constrained optimization
      • Convex programming
      • Global optimization
      • Gradient methods
      • Integer programming
      • Least squares methods
      • Linear programming
      • Nonlinear programming
      • Quadratic programming methods
      • Simulated annealing
      • Stochastic programming
      • Unconstrained optimization
    • G.1.7 Ordinary Differential Equations
      • Boundary value problems
      • Chaotic systems
      • Convergence and stability
      • Differential-algebraic equations
      • Error analysis
      • Finite difference methods
      • Initial value problems
      • Multistep and multivalue methods
      • One-step (single step) methods
      • Stiff equations
    • G.1.8 Partial Differential Equations
      • Domain decomposition methods
      • Elliptic equations
      • Finite difference methods
      • Finite element methods
      • Finite volume methods
      • Hyperbolic equations
      • Inverse problems
      • Iterative solution techniques
      • Method of lines
      • Multigrid and multilevel methods
      • Parabolic equations
      • Spectral methods
    • G.1.9 Integral Equations
      • Delay equations
      • Fredholm equations
      • Integro-differential equations
      • Volterra equations
    • G.1.10 Applications
    • G.1.m Miscellaneous

  • G.2 DISCRETE MATHEMATICS

    • G.2.0 General
    • G.2.1 Combinatorics (F.2.2)
      • Combinatorial algorithms
      • Counting problems
      • Generating functions
      • Permutations and combinations
      • Recurrences and difference equations
    • G.2.2 Graph Theory (F.2.2)
      • Graph algorithms
      • Graph labeling
      • Hypergraphs
      • Network problems
      • Path and circuit problems
      • Trees
    • G.2.3 Applications
    • G.2.m Miscellaneous

  • G.3 PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS

    • Contingency table analysis
    • Correlation and regression analysis
    • Distribution functions
    • Experimental design
    • Markov processes
    • Multivariate statistics
    • Nonparametric statistics
    • Probabilistic algorithms (including Monte Carlo)
    • Queueing theory
    • Random number generation
    • Reliability and life testing
    • Renewal theory
    • Robust regression
    • Statistical computing
    • Statistical software
    • Stochastic processes
    • Survival analysis
    • Time series analysis

  • G.4 MATHEMATICAL SOFTWARE

    • Algorithm design and analysis
    • Certification and testing
    • Documentation
    • Efficiency
    • Parallel and vector implementations
    • Portability [**]
    • Reliability and robustness
    • User interfaces
    • Verification [**]

  • G.m MISCELLANEOUS

    • Queueing theory [**]

• H. Information Systems

  • H.0 GENERAL

  • H.1 MODELS AND PRINCIPLES

    • H.1.0 General
    • H.1.1 Systems and Information Theory (E.4)
      • General systems theory
      • Information theory
      • Value of information
    • H.1.2 User/Machine Systems
      • Human factors
      • Human information processing
      • Software psychology
    • H.1.m Miscellaneous

  • H.2 DATABASE MANAGEMENT (E.5)

    • H.2.0 General
      • Security, integrity, and protection [**]
    • H.2.1 Logical Design
      • Data models
      • Normal forms
      • Schema and subschema
    • H.2.2 Physical Design
      • Access methods
      • Deadlock avoidance
      • Recovery and restart
    • H.2.3 Languages (D.3.2)
      • Data description languages (DDL)
      • Data manipulation languages (DML)
      • Database (persistent) programming languages
      • Query languages
      • Report writers
    • H.2.4 Systems
      • Concurrency
      • Distributed databases
      • Multimedia databases
      • Object-oriented databases
      • Parallel databases
      • Query processing
      • Relational databases
      • Rule-based databases
      • Textual databases
      • Transaction processing
    • H.2.5 Heterogeneous Databases
      • Data translation [**]
      • Program translation [**]
    • H.2.6 Database Machines
    • H.2.7 Database Administration
      • Data dictionary/directory
      • Data warehouse and repository
      • Logging and recovery
      • Security, integrity, and protection
    • H.2.8 Database Applications
      • Data mining
      • Image databases
      • Scientific databases
      • Spatial databases and GIS
      • Statistical databases
    • H.2.m Miscellaneous

  • H.3 INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL

    • H.3.0 General
    • H.3.1 Content Analysis and Indexing
      • Abstracting methods
      • Dictionaries
      • Indexing methods
      • Linguistic processing
      • Thesauruses
    • H.3.2 Information Storage
      • File organization
      • Record classification [**]
    • H.3.3 Information Search and Retrieval
      • Clustering
      • Information filtering
      • Query formulation
      • Relevance feedback
      • Retrieval models
      • Search process
      • Selection process
    • H.3.4 Systems and Software
      • Current awareness systems (selective dissemination of information--SDI) [**]
      • Distributed systems
      • Information networks
      • Performance evaluation (efficiency and effectiveness)
      • Question-answering (fact retrieval) systems [**]
      • User profiles and alert services
    • H.3.5 Online Information Services
      • Commercial services
      • Data sharing
      • Web-based services
    • H.3.6 Library Automation
      • Large text archives
    • H.3.7 Digital Libraries
      • Collection
      • Dissemination
      • Standards
      • Systems issues
      • User issues
    • H.3.m Miscellaneous

  • H.4 INFORMATION SYSTEMS APPLICATIONS

    • H.4.0 General
    • H.4.1 Office Automation (I.7)
      • Desktop publishing
      • Equipment [**]
      • Groupware
      • Spreadsheets
      • Time management (e.g., calendars, schedules)
      • Word processing
      • Workflow management
    • H.4.2 Types of Systems
      • Decision support (e.g., MIS)
      • Logistics
    • H.4.3 Communications Applications
      • Bulletin boards
      • Computer conferencing, teleconferencing, and videoconferencing
      • Electronic mail
      • Information browsers
      • Videotex
    • H.4.m Miscellaneous

  • H.5 INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION (e.g., HCI) (I.7)

    • H.5.0 General
    • H.5.1 Multimedia Information Systems
      • Animations
      • Artificial, augmented, and virtual realities
      • Audio input/output
      • Evaluation/methodology
      • Hypertext navigation and maps [**]
      • Video (e.g., tape, disk, DVI)
    • H.5.2 User Interfaces (D.2.2,H.1.2,I.3.6)
      • Auditory (non-speech) feedback
      • Benchmarking
      • Ergonomics
      • Evaluation/methodology
      • Graphical user interfaces (GUI)
      • Haptic I/O
      • Input devices and strategies (e.g., mouse, touchscreen)
      • Interaction styles (e.g., commands, menus, forms, direct manipulation)
      • Natural language
      • Prototyping
      • Screen design (e.g., text, graphics, color)
      • Standardization
      • Style guides
      • Theory and methods
      • Training, help, and documentation
      • User-centered design
      • User interface management systems (UIMS)
      • Voice I/O
      • Windowing systems
    • H.5.3 Group and Organization Interfaces
      • Asynchronous interaction
      • Collaborative computing
      • Computer-supported cooperative work
      • Evaluation/methodology
      • Organizational design
      • Synchronous interaction
      • Theory and models
      • Web-based interaction
    • H.5.4 Hypertext/Hypermedia (I.7,J.7)
      • Architectures
      • Navigation
      • Theory
      • User issues
    • H.5.5 Sound and Music Computing (J.5)
      • Methodologies and techniques
      • Modeling
      • Signal analysis, synthesis, and processing
      • Systems
    • H.5.m Miscellaneous

  • H.m MISCELLANEOUS

• I. Computing Methodologies

  • I.0 GENERAL

  • I.1 SYMBOLIC AND ALGEBRAIC MANIPULATION

    • I.1.0 General
    • I.1.1 Expressions and Their Representation (E.1,E.2)
      • Representations (general and polynomial)
      • Simplification of expressions
    • I.1.2 Algorithms (F.2.1,F.2.2)
      • Algebraic algorithms
      • Analysis of algorithms
      • Nonalgebraic algorithms
    • I.1.3 Languages and Systems (D.3.2,D.3.3,F.2.2)
      • Evaluation strategies
      • Nonprocedural languages [**]
      • Special-purpose algebraic systems
      • Special-purpose hardware [**]
      • Substitution mechanisms [**]
    • I.1.4 Applications
    • I.1.m Miscellaneous

  • I.2 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

    • I.2.0 General
      • Cognitive simulation
      • Philosophical foundations
    • I.2.1 Applications and Expert Systems (H.4,J)
      • Cartography
      • Games
      • Industrial automation
      • Law
      • Medicine and science
      • Natural language interfaces
      • Office automation
    • I.2.2 Automatic Programming (D.1.2,F.3.1,F.4.1)
      • Automatic analysis of algorithms
      • Program modification
      • Program synthesis
      • Program transformation
      • Program verification
    • I.2.3 Deduction and Theorem Proving (F.4.1)
      • Answer/reason extraction
      • Deduction (e.g., natural, rule-based)
      • Inference engines
      • Logic programming
      • Mathematical induction
      • Metatheory [**]
      • Nonmonotonic reasoning and belief revision
      • Resolution
      • Uncertainty, ``fuzzy,'' and probabilistic reasoning
    • I.2.4 Knowledge Representation Formalisms and Methods (F.4.1)
      • Frames and scripts
      • Modal logic
      • Predicate logic
      • Relation systems
      • Representation languages
      • Representations (procedural and rule-based)
      • Semantic networks
      • Temporal logic
    • I.2.5 Programming Languages and Software (D.3.2)
      • Expert system tools and techniques
    • I.2.6 Learning (K.3.2)
      • Analogies
      • Concept learning
      • Connectionism and neural nets
      • Induction
      • Knowledge acquisition
      • Language acquisition
      • Parameter learning
    • I.2.7 Natural Language Processing
      • Discourse
      • Language generation
      • Language models
      • Language parsing and understanding
      • Machine translation
      • Speech recognition and synthesis
      • Text analysis
    • I.2.8 Problem Solving, Control Methods, and Search (F.2.2)
      • Backtracking
      • Control theory
      • Dynamic programming
      • Graph and tree search strategies
      • Heuristic methods
      • Plan execution, formation, and generation
      • Scheduling
    • I.2.9 Robotics
      • Autonomous vehicles
      • Commercial robots and applications
      • Kinematics and dynamics
      • Manipulators
      • Operator interfaces
      • Propelling mechanisms
      • Sensors
      • Workcell organization and planning
    • I.2.10 Vision and Scene Understanding (I.4.8,I.5)
      • 3D/stereo scene analysis
      • Architecture and control structures [**]
      • Intensity, color, photometry, and thresholding
      • Modeling and recovery of physical attributes
      • Motion
      • Perceptual reasoning
      • Representations, data structures, and transforms
      • Shape
      • Texture
      • Video analysis
    • I.2.11 Distributed Artificial Intelligence
      • Coherence and coordination
      • Intelligent agents
      • Languages and structures
      • Multiagent systems
    • I.2.m Miscellaneous

  • I.3 COMPUTER GRAPHICS

    • I.3.0 General
    • I.3.1 Hardware Architecture (B.4.2)
      • Graphics processors
      • Hardcopy devices [**]
      • Input devices
      • Parallel processing
      • Raster display devices
      • Storage devices [**]
      • Three-dimensional displays [**]
      • Vector display devices [**]
    • I.3.2 Graphics Systems (C.2.1,C.2.4,C.3)
      • Distributed/network graphics
      • Remote systems [**]
      • Stand-alone systems [**]
    • I.3.3 Picture/Image Generation
      • Antialiasing [**]
      • Bitmap and framebuffer operations
      • Digitizing and scanning
      • Display algorithms
      • Line and curve generation
      • Viewing algorithms
    • I.3.4 Graphics Utilities
      • Application packages
      • Device drivers [**]
      • Graphics editors
      • Graphics packages
      • Meta files [**]
      • Paint systems
      • Picture description languages [**]
      • Software support
      • Virtual device interfaces
    • I.3.5 Computational Geometry and Object Modeling
      • Boundary representations
      • Constructive solid geometry (CSG) [**]
      • Curve, surface, solid, and object representations
      • Geometric algorithms, languages, and systems
      • Hierarchy and geometric transformations
      • Modeling packages
      • Object hierarchies
      • Physically based modeling
      • Splines
    • I.3.6 Methodology and Techniques
      • Device independence [**]
      • Ergonomics
      • Graphics data structures and data types
      • Interaction techniques
      • Languages
      • Standards
    • I.3.7 Three-Dimensional Graphics and Realism
      • Animation
      • Color, shading, shadowing, and texture
      • Fractals
      • Hidden line/surface removal
      • Radiosity
      • Raytracing
      • Virtual reality
      • Visible line/surface algorithms
    • I.3.8 Applications
    • I.3.m Miscellaneous

  • I.4 IMAGE PROCESSING AND COMPUTER VISION

    • I.4.0 General
      • Image displays
      • Image processing software
    • I.4.1 Digitization and Image Capture
      • Camera calibration
      • Imaging geometry
      • Quantization
      • Radiometry
      • Reflectance
      • Sampling
      • Scanning
    • I.4.2 Compression (Coding) (E.4)
      • Approximate methods
      • Exact coding [**]
    • I.4.3 Enhancement
      • Filtering
      • Geometric correction
      • Grayscale manipulation
      • Registration
      • Sharpening and deblurring [**]
      • Smoothing
    • I.4.4 Restoration
      • Inverse filtering [**]
      • Kalman filtering
      • Pseudoinverse restoration [**]
      • Wiener filtering [**]
    • I.4.5 Reconstruction
      • Series expansion methods
      • Summation methods [**]
      • Transform methods
    • I.4.6 Segmentation
      • Edge and feature detection
      • Pixel classification
      • Region growing, partitioning
      • Relaxation
    • I.4.7 Feature Measurement
      • Feature representation
      • Invariants
      • Moments
      • Projections
      • Size and shape
      • Texture
    • I.4.8 Scene Analysis
      • Color
      • Depth cues
      • Motion
      • Object recognition
      • Photometry
      • Range data
      • Sensor fusion
      • Shading
      • Shape
      • Stereo
      • Surface fitting
      • Time-varying imagery
      • Tracking
    • I.4.9 Applications
    • I.4.10 Image Representation
      • Hierarchical
      • Morphological
      • Multidimensional
      • Statistical
      • Volumetric
    • I.4.m Miscellaneous

  • I.5 PATTERN RECOGNITION

    • I.5.0 General
    • I.5.1 Models
      • Deterministic [**]
      • Fuzzy set
      • Geometric
      • Neural nets
      • Statistical
      • Structural
    • I.5.2 Design Methodology
      • Classifier design and evaluation
      • Feature evaluation and selection
      • Pattern analysis
    • I.5.3 Clustering
      • Algorithms
      • Similarity measures
    • I.5.4 Applications
      • Computer vision
      • Signal processing
      • Text processing
      • Waveform analysis
    • I.5.5 Implementation (C.3)
      • Interactive systems
      • Special architectures
    • I.5.m Miscellaneous

  • I.6 SIMULATION AND MODELING (G.3)

    • I.6.0 General
    • I.6.1 Simulation Theory
      • Model classification
      • Systems theory
      • Types of simulation (continuous and discrete) [*]
    • I.6.2 Simulation Languages
    • I.6.3 Applications
    • I.6.4 Model Validation and Analysis
    • I.6.5 Model Development
      • Modeling methodologies
    • I.6.6 Simulation Output Analysis
    • I.6.7 Simulation Support Systems
      • Environments
    • I.6.8 Types of Simulation
      • Animation
      • Combined
      • Continuous
      • Discrete event
      • Distributed
      • Gaming
      • Monte Carlo
      • Parallel
      • Visual
    • I.6.m Miscellaneous

  • I.7 DOCUMENT AND TEXT PROCESSING (H.4,H.5)

    • I.7.0 General
    • I.7.1 Document and Text Editing
      • Document management
      • Languages [**]
      • Spelling [**]
      • Version control
    • I.7.2 Document Preparation
      • Desktop publishing
      • Format and notation
      • Hypertext/hypermedia
      • Index generation
      • Languages and systems
      • Markup languages
      • Multi/mixed media
      • Photocomposition/typesetting
      • Scripting languages
      • Standards
    • I.7.3 Index Generation [**]
    • I.7.4 Electronic Publishing (H.5.4,J.7)
    • I.7.5 Document Capture (I.4.1)
      • Document analysis
      • Graphics recognition and interpretation
      • Optical character recognition (OCR)
      • Scanning
    • I.7.m Miscellaneous

  • I.m MISCELLANEOUS

• J. Computer Applications

  • J.0 GENERAL

  • J.1 ADMINISTRATIVE DATA PROCESSING

    • Business
    • Education
    • Financial (e.g., EFTS)
    • Government
    • Law
    • Manufacturing
    • Marketing
    • Military

  • J.2 PHYSICAL SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING

    • Aerospace
    • Archaeology
    • Astronomy
    • Chemistry
    • Earth and atmospheric sciences
    • Electronics
    • Engineering
    • Mathematics and statistics
    • Physics

  • J.3 LIFE AND MEDICAL SCIENCES

    • Biology and genetics
    • Health
    • Medical information systems

  • J.4 SOCIAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

    • Economics
    • Psychology
    • Sociology

  • J.5 ARTS AND HUMANITIES

    • Architecture
    • Arts, fine and performing [**]
    • Fine arts
    • Language translation
    • Linguistics
    • Literature
    • Music [**]
    • Performing arts (e.g., dance, music)

  • J.6 COMPUTER-AIDED ENGINEERING

    • Computer-aided design (CAD)
    • Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)

  • J.7 COMPUTERS IN OTHER SYSTEMS (C.3)

    • Command and control
    • Consumer products
    • Industrial control
    • Military
    • Process control
    • Publishing
    • Real time

  • J.m MISCELLANEOUS

• K. Computing Milieux

  • K.0 GENERAL

  • K.1 THE COMPUTER INDUSTRY

    • Markets
    • Standards
    • Statistics
    • Suppliers

  • K.2 HISTORY OF COMPUTING

    • Hardware
    • People
    • Software
    • Systems
    • Theory

  • K.3 COMPUTERS AND EDUCATION

    • K.3.0 General
    • K.3.1 Computer Uses in Education
      • Collaborative learning
      • Computer-assisted instruction (CAI)
      • Computer-managed instruction (CMI)
      • Distance learning
    • K.3.2 Computer and Information Science Education
      • Accreditation
      • Computer science education
      • Curriculum
      • Information systems education
      • Literacy
      • Self-assessment
    • K.3.m Miscellaneous
      • Accreditation [**]
      • Computer literacy [**]

  • K.4 COMPUTERS AND SOCIETY

    • K.4.0 General
    • K.4.1 Public Policy Issues
      • Abuse and crime involving computers
      • Computer-related health issues
      • Ethics
      • Human safety
      • Intellectual property rights
      • Privacy
      • Regulation
      • Transborder data flow
      • Use/abuse of power
    • K.4.2 Social Issues
      • Abuse and crime involving computers [**]
      • Assistive technologies for persons with disabilities
      • Employment
      • Handicapped persons/special needs [**]
    • K.4.3 Organizational Impacts
      • Automation
      • Computer-supported collaborative work
      • Employment
      • Reengineering
    • K.4.4 Electronic Commerce (J.1)
      • Cybercash, digital cash
      • Distributed commercial transactions
      • Electronic data interchange (EDI)
      • Intellectual property
      • Payment schemes
      • Security
    • K.4.m Miscellaneous

  • K.5 LEGAL ASPECTS OF COMPUTING

    • K.5.0 General
    • K.5.1 Hardware/Software Protection
      • Copyrights
      • Licensing
      • Patents
      • Proprietary rights
      • Trade secrets [**]
    • K.5.2 Governmental Issues
      • Censorship
      • Regulation
      • Taxation
    • K.5.m Miscellaneous
      • Contracts [**]
      • Hardware patents [**]

  • K.6 MANAGEMENT OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS

    • K.6.0 General
      • Economics
    • K.6.1 Project and People Management
      • Life cycle
      • Management techniques (e.g., PERT/CPM)
      • Staffing
      • Strategic information systems planning
      • Systems analysis and design
      • Systems development
      • Training
    • K.6.2 Installation Management
      • Benchmarks
      • Computer selection
      • Computing equipment management
      • Performance and usage measurement
      • Pricing and resource allocation
    • K.6.3 Software Management (D.2.9)
      • Software development
      • Software maintenance
      • Software process
      • Software selection
    • K.6.4 System Management
      • Centralization/decentralization
      • Management audit
      • Quality assurance
    • K.6.5 Security and Protection (D.4.6,K.4.2)
      • Authentication
      • Insurance [**]
      • Invasive software (e.g., viruses, worms, Trojan horses)
      • Physical security [**]
      • Unauthorized access (e.g., hacking, phreaking)
    • K.6.m Miscellaneous
      • Insurance [*]
      • Security [*]

  • K.7 THE COMPUTING PROFESSION

    • K.7.0 General
    • K.7.1 Occupations
    • K.7.2 Organizations
    • K.7.3 Testing, Certification, and Licensing
    • K.7.4 Professional Ethics (K.4)
      • Codes of ethics
      • Codes of good practice
      • Ethical dilemmas
    • K.7.m Miscellaneous
      • Codes of good practice [**]
      • Ethics [**]

  • K.8 PERSONAL COMPUTING

    • Games [*]
    • K.8.0 General
      • Games
    • K.8.1 Application Packages
      • Data communications
      • Database processing
      • Freeware/shareware
      • Graphics
      • Spreadsheets
      • Word processing
    • K.8.2 Hardware
    • K.8.3 Management/Maintenance
    • K.8.m Miscellaneous

  • K.m MISCELLANEOUS

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* Indicates that the classification is no longer used as of January 1991, but that the item is still searchable for previously classified documents.
** Indicates that the classification is no longer used as of January 1998, but that the item is still searchable for previously classified documents.