Regex
字符匹配
正则表达式的关键之处在于确定你要搜索匹配的东西,如果没有这一概念,Res将毫无用处。
每一个表达式都包含需要查找的指令,如表A所示。
|
Table A: Character-matching regular expressions | |||
|
操作 |
解释 |
例子 |
结果 |
|
. |
Match any one character |
grep .ord sample.txt |
Will match “ford”, “lord”, “2ord”, etc. in the file sample.txt. |
|
[ ] |
Match any one character listed between the brackets |
grep [cng]ord sample.txt |
Will match only “cord”, “nord”, and “gord” |
|
[^ ] |
Match any one character not listed between the brackets |
grep [^cn]ord sample.txt |
Will match “lord”, “2ord”, etc. but not “cord” or “nord” |
|
|
|
grep [a-zA-Z]ord sample.txt |
Will match “aord”, “bord”, “Aord”, “Bord”, etc. |
|
|
|
grep [^0-9]ord sample.txt |
Will match “Aord”, “aord”, etc. but not “2ord”, etc. |
重复操作符
重复操作符,或数量词,都描述了查找一个特定字符的次数。它们常被用于字符匹配语法以查找多行的字符,可参见表B。
|
Table B: Regular expression repetition operators | |||
|
操作 |
解释 |
例子 |
结果 |
|
? |
Match any character one time, if it exists |
egrep “?erd” sample.txt |
Will match “berd”, “herd”, etc. and “erd” |
|
* |
Match declared element multiple times, if it exists |
egrep “n.*rd” sample.txt |
Will match “nerd”, “nrd”, “neard”, etc. |
|
+ |
Match declared element one or more times |
egrep “[n]+erd” sample.txt |
Will match “nerd”, “nnerd”, etc., but not “erd” |
|
{n} |
Match declared element exactly n times |
egrep “[a-z]{2}erd” sample.txt |
Will match “cherd”, “blerd”, etc. but not “nerd”, “erd”, “buzzerd”, etc. |
|
{n,} |
Match declared element at least n times |
egrep “.{2,}erd” sample.txt |
Will match “cherd” and “buzzerd”, but not “nerd” |
|
{n,N} |
Match declared element at least n times, but not more than N times |
egrep “n[e]{1,2}rd” sample.txt |
Will match “nerd” and “neerd” |
锚
锚是指它所要匹配的格式,如图C所示。使用它能方便你查找通用字符的合并。例如,我用vi行编辑器命令:s来代表substitute,这一命令的基本语法是:
s/pattern_to_match/pattern_to_substitute/
|
Table C: Regular expression anchors | |||
|
操作 |
解释 |
例子 |
结果 |
|
^ |
Match at the beginning of a line |
s/^/blah / |
Inserts “blah “ at the beginning of the line |
|
$ |
Match at the end of a line |
s/$/ blah/ |
Inserts “ blah” at the end of the line |
|
\< |
Match at the beginning of a word |
s/\</blah/ |
Inserts “blah” at the beginning of the word |
|
|
|
egrep “\<blah” sample.txt |
Matches “blahfield”, etc. |
|
\> |
Match at the end of a word |
s/\>/blah/ |
Inserts “blah” at the end of the word |
|
|
|
egrep “\>blah” sample.txt |
Matches “soupblah”, etc. |
|
\b |
Match at the beginning or end of a word |
egrep “\bblah” sample.txt |
Matches “blahcake” and “countblah” |
|
\B |
Match in the middle of a word |
egrep “\Bblah” sample.txt |
Matches “sublahper”, etc. |
间隔
Res中的另一可便之处是间隔(或插入)符号。实际上,这一符号相当于一个OR语句并代表|符号。下面的语句返回文件sample.txt中的“nerd” 和 “merd”的句柄:
egrep “(n|m)erd” sample.txt
间隔功能非常强大,特别是当你寻找文件不同拼写的时候,但你可以在下面的例子得到相同的结果:
egrep “[nm]erd” sample.txt
当你使用间隔功能与Res的高级特性连接在一起时,它的真正用处更能体现出来。
一些保留字符
Res的最后一个最重要特性是保留字符(也称特定字符)。例如,如果你想要查找“ne*rd”和“ni*rd”的字符,格式匹配语句“n[ei]*rd”与“neeeeerd” 和 “nieieierd”相符合,但并不是你要查找的字符。因为‘*’(星号)是个保留字符,你必须用一个反斜线符号来替代它,即:“n[ei]\*rd”。其它的保留字符包括:
- ^ (carat)
- . (period)
- [ (left bracket}
- $ (dollar sign)
- ( (left parenthesis)
- ) (right parenthesis)
- | (pipe)
- * (asterisk)
- + (plus symbol)
- ? (question mark)
- { (left curly bracket, or left brace)
- \ backslash
一旦你把以上这些字符包括在你的字符搜索中,毫无疑问Res变得非常的难读。比如说以下的PHP中的eregi搜索引擎代码就很难读了。
eregi("^[_a-z0-9-]+(\.[_a-z0-9-]+)*@[a-z0-9-]+(\.[a-z0-9-]+)*$",$sendto)
你可以看到,程序的意图很难把握。但如果你抛开保留字符,你常常会错误地理解代码的意思。
总结
在本文中,我们揭开了正则表达式的神秘面纱,并列出了ERE标准的通用语法。如果你想阅览Open Group组织的规则的完整描述,你可以参见:Regular Expressions,欢迎你在其中的讨论区发表你的问题或观点。
浙公网安备 33010602011771号